凡纳滨对虾大水面高盐养殖水体叶绿素a的变化及与环境因子的关系

Characteristics and influencing factors of size-fractionated chlorophyll-a in Litopenaeus vannamei mariculture ponds

中文关键词: 凡纳滨对虾  叶绿素a  粒级结构  营养盐  海水养殖池塘

英文关键词: Litopenaeus vannamei  Chlorophyll-a  Size fraction  Nutrient  Mariculture pond

中文摘要:

      “渔盐一体化”是山东省滨州市凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)盐田养殖的重要模式。为了解该模式下养殖水体浮游植物的叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度、粒径结构的变化特征及主要影响因子，于2021年5—7月分别在养殖的初期、中期和收获期，测定高盐组(S=54)和对照组(S=32)养殖水体的分级Chl-a浓度[小型浮游植物(micro Chl-a)、微型浮游植物(nano Chl-a)、微微型浮游植物(pico Chl-a)、总Chl-a浓度]及相关环境参数的日变化和月变化。结果显示，日变化：对于总Chl-a浓度，高盐组无显著日变化(P>0.05)，对照组在5月和6月存在显著的日差异(P<0.05)。对于浮游植物粒径结构，高盐组7月的pico Chl-a日变化显著(P<0.05)；对照组7月的micro Chl-a和6月的nano Chl-a日变化显著(P<0.05)。月变化：两盐度组pico Chl-a、nano Chl-a和total Chl-a最低值和最高值都分别出现在6月和7月。且7月的总Chl-a显著高于5月和6月(P<0.05)。高盐组水体中nano Chl-a占主要优势，随着养殖的进行粒径结构特性出现了演替，其中，pico Chl-a对总Chl-a贡献率由5月的6.43%提高至7月的16.81%，超过了micro Chl-a的贡献率。对照组5月和6月以micro Chl-a占主要优势，分别占59.64%和57.49%，其次是nano Chl-a，分别占35.46%和36.90%，7月以nano Chl-a占主要优势，贡献率达53.09%。冗余分析(RDA)显示，Chl-a浓度与水温显著正相关，nano Chl-a的贡献率随温度升高而增加。高盐组总Chl-a浓度与硅酸盐浓度呈显著正相关，与磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷浓度呈显著负相关；对照组总Chl-a与溶解有机氮显著正相关，与硅酸盐、亚硝酸盐浓度呈显著负相关。总体来讲，高盐组水体Chl-a浓度日变化较小，浮游植物粒级随养殖进行逐渐趋于小型化，可能与温度升高和较高的有机氮水平有关。

英文摘要:

      Aquaculture in large water bodies has become an important culture mode of Litopenaeus vannamei in coastal waters. Fractionated chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and environmental factors of the large water ponds with high salinity (54, n=3) and the control ponds (32, n=3) were investigated from May to July 2020 to explore the variations in Chl-a, phytoplankton particle size, and the response to environmental factors during the aquaculture season. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the environmental factors and the size-fractionated Chl-a concentration. Partial redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to assess the effects of environmental factors (including silicate, active phosphate, ammonia salt, nitrite, nitrate, water temperature, salinity, dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved organophosphorus) on total Chl-a, Chl-a of micro phytoplankton (micro Chl-a), Chl-a of nano phytoplankton (nano Chl-a), and Chl-a of pico phytoplankton (pico Chl-a). The following results were obtained: 1) Diurnal variation of Chl-a: Total Chl-a of the high-salinity group showed no significant diurnal variation (P>0.05). Total Chl-a of the control group showed significant diurnal change in May and June (P<0.05). The highest value of total Chl-a in May occurred at 15:00, while the highest value of that in June was at 08:00. For size-fractionated Chl-a, pico Chl-a in the high-salinity group showed significant diurnal variation in July (P<0.05), with the highest value appearing at 12:00. Micro Chl-a in the control group showed significant diurnal changes in May, June, and July (P<0.05), and nano Chl-a in the control group showed significant diurnal changes in June (P<0.05). 2) Monthly changes of Chl-a: The lowest and highest values of total Chl-a occurred in June and July, respectively. Total Chl-a in July was significantly higher than that in May and June (P<0.05). For size-fractionated Chl-a, the pico Chl-a and nano Chl-a of the high-salinity group in July were significantly higher than those in May and June (P<0.05) and showed no significant difference between May and June (P>0.05). Pico Chl-a, nano Chl-a, and micro Chl-a of the control group in July were significantly higher than those in May and June (P<0.05) and showed no significant difference between May and June (P>0.05). 3) Contribution of size-fractionated phytoplankton in high-salinity and control groups: The contribution of micro Chl-a, nano Chl-a, and pico Chl-a to total Chl-a in the high-salinity group were (15.64±0.16)%, (73.81±0.13)%, and (10.55±0.06)%, respectively. Nano Chl-a was dominant in May, June, and July. The contribution of pico Chl-a increased from 6.43% in May to 16.81% in July, and exceeded that of micro Chl-a. The contributions of micro Chl-a, nano Chl-a, and pico Chl-a to total Chl-a in the control group were (52.29±0.10)%, (41.82±0.10)%, and (5.59±0.01)%, respectively. Micro Chl-a concentration had a major advantage in May and June, accounting for 59.64% and 57.49%, respectively. Nano Chl-a concentration accounted for 35.46% and 36.90%, respectively. By July, nano Chl-a had a major advantage, contributing to 53.09%. 4) Pearson correlation analysis showed no significant correlation between the diurnal variation of Chl-a and the environmental factors of the high-salinity group in May and June (P<0.05). Yet, the concentrations of nano Chl-a and total Chl-a were negatively correlated with the concentration of nitrate in July (P<0.05). The concentrations of micro Chl-a and total Chl-a were positively correlated with those of silicate (P<0.05). For the control group, Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between nano Chl-a and water temperature (P<0.05). Total Chl-a and phosphate were negatively correlated in May (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between pico Chl-a and nitrate in July (P<0.05). 5) For the high-salinity group, RDA revealed a significant positive correlation between Chl-a and water temperature, and the contribution of nano Chl-a increased with the increase in temperature. Total Chl-a was positively correlated with silicate and negatively correlated with phosphate, dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved organophosphorus in the high-salinity group. For the control group, RDA showed that total Chl-a was positively correlated with dissolved organic nitrogen and negatively correlated with silicate and nitrite. In general, Chl-a in high-salinity ponds has a small diurnal variation, and the phytoplankton particle size gradually decreased with cultivation, which may be caused by the increasing temperature and high organic nitrogen concentration.