鲑鳟鱼类寄生虫病研究进展与展望

Research Progress and Prospects of Parasitic Diseases in Salmon and Trout

关键词:  鲑鳟鱼类  寄生虫病  生活史  防治措施

Key words:  Salmon and trout  Parasitic diseases  Life cycle  Prevention and control measures

摘要:

鲑鳟鱼类是典型的冷水性鱼类，经济价值高，是世界重要经济养殖鱼类之一。然而，随着其养殖产量攀升，养殖密度增大，养殖环境恶化，鲑鳟鱼类寄生虫病的发生和危害也日趋频繁和严重，严重制约了产业的健康发展。鲑鳟鱼常见的、危害较为严重的寄生虫主要包括三代虫(Gyrodactylus)、鱼虱(Caligus rogercresseyi)、阿米巴原虫(Neoparamoeba perurans)、脑碘泡虫(Myxobolus cerebralis)、苔藓鲑四囊虫(Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae)和库道虫(Kudoa spp.)。这些寄生虫生活史简单，繁殖速度快，大多寄生在鱼体表面及体内的各种组织器官上，导致鱼体生长缓慢、抵抗力下降，引起鱼体损伤并造成死亡。在防治方法上，通过物理控制、化学药物和免疫治疗相结合的方法进行综合防控。本文对鲑鳟鱼常见寄生虫病领域的研究和成果进行简要综述，以期为鲑鳟鱼寄生虫病的研究和防治提供参考。

Abstract:

Salmon and trout are typical cold-water fishes with high economic values; they are among the most important economic fishes in the world. However, with increasing aquaculture density, the aquaculture environment is becoming increasingly degraded. The occurrence of salmon and trout parasitic diseases and corresponding damage to fishes are also increasing. These factors severely restrict the healthy development of the industry. Common and severe parasites of salmon and trout are Gyrodactylus, Caligus rogercresseyi, Neoparamoeba perurans, Myxobolus cerebralis, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and Kudoa spp. These parasites have simple life cycles and rapid reproduction rates. Most of them inhabit the skin and various organs of the fish body, thereby slowing growth and weakening the resistance of the fish. This effect damages the fish body and eventually kills the fish. Physical control methods and chemicals are used in combination for comprehensive prevention and control. This paper reviews the research progress and achievements in the field of the common parasitic diseases of salmon and trout to provide useful references for the research and control of such diseases.