Abstract:Based on the continuous surveys of heavy metals, nutrients and related environmental factors of surface water in Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel germ plasm resource protection area in Jinghai Bay from 2011 to 2013, the water quality was analyzed, and the nutrient level, heavy metals and organic pollution were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations were below the limit of the first class sea water in 2011, and Pb concentrations exceeded the first class sea water limit in 2012. In 2013, the concentrations of Cu, Pb and Hg were 5.19, 2.79, 0.07 μg/L, all above the limit of the first class seawater. In 2011 and 2012, N/P values were higher than the Redfield ratio of 16, indicating that phosphate was relatively deficient compared to nitrogen. Based on the eutrophication evaluation model, the surveyed area belonged to phosphorus limiting potential eutrophication in 2011, moderate eutrophication in 2012 and eutrophication in 2013. The organic pollution index was higher than 4 in 2011 and 2013, indicating that the survey area suffered from serious organic pollution. DIN and PO4-P were the key pollutants of the surface water in Jinghai Bay. The seawater quality belonged to the permitted level in 2012, while in 2011 and 2013 the water quality belonged to the light pollution level due to pollution from terrestrial runoffs and aquaculture etc.

Abstract:Sediment samples in the artificial reefs of Laizhou Bay were collected in March , May, July and November from 2010 to 2012 years. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC) and sulfide were measured. The results showed that the type of sediment did not change, but there was an increase in sediment grain size, the medium diameter and the average particle diameter size changed from (0.156 ± 0.084) mm and (0.157 ± 0.076) mm to (0.160 ± 0.079) mm and (0.162 ± 0.092) mm in July 2009 and July 2010. The medium diameter and the average particle diameter size of sediment samples in artificial reef areas were higher than the samples in control areas. The other elements in sediment in July from 2009 to 2011 had such a trend: the average of content of TN, TOC and sulfide had the highest content in 2009, and the lowest content in 2011 in artificial reef area, the average content of TP had the highest content in 2010, and the lowest content in 2009; while in control area, the average content of TN and TOC had a trend of decreasing in 2010 and then increasing in 2011, the average content of TP and sulfides had a trend of increasing from 2009 to 2011. The average content of TP in artificial reef area was higher in 2011 than 2010, and the contents of other elements were higher in 2010 than 2011. In control area, the average content of TOC was higher in 2010 than 2011, the average content of other elements were higher in 2011 than 2010; The average content of TP and sulfide were higher in artificial reef area than that in control area, the average content of TN and TOC had an opposite variation trend in control area.

Abstract:Total RNA was extracted from the pituitary gland of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, and the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was cloned by using RT-PCR and RACE technology for the first time. The cDNA of FSH is 541bp, and the open reading frame was 393bp encoding peptides of 130 amino acids. This cDNA sequence was submitted to GenBank with Accession No. JQ277933. One N-glycosylation site was found in the deduced amino acid sequence. Multiple amino acid sequences alignments were performed among vertebrates including Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. It showed that half-smooth tongue sole FSH mature peptide was more similar to their orthologs of Pleuronectiformes and Perciformes which was 42%-49% identity than to Cypriniformes and mammalian which was 27%-31% identity. The pairwise distances were computed and phylogenetic trees were constructed using NJ method based on the codon sequences of the chosen species by MEGA 4.0 software. The result indicated that the FSH of half-smooth tongue sole was clustered together with other fish FSH, and the half-smooth tongue sole gene shared high homology with teleost. Real-time PCR analysis showed that FSH mRNA was expressed at the highest level in pituitary. Also strong amplification signals were detected in all other tissues, especially brain and gonad. FSH mRNA of half-smooth tongue sole expressed widely in non-pituitary tissues may indicate that it has more physiological functions.

Abstract:To investigate the function of HIRA gene in the embryonic development and tissue differential expression of half-smooth tongue-sole Cynoglossus semilaevis , partial HIRA cDNA sequence of 764 bp was isolated from C. semilaevis by homologous clone method. The fragment encodes peptides of 254 amino acids, and it shares high homology with Takifugu rubripes’s HIRA gene as shown by the NJ-phylogenetic tree. It is estimated that the HIRA gene may play a vital role in embryonic development of C. semilaevis, supported by the relatively higher mRNA expressions of HIRA at early developmental stages as shown by Real-time PCR analysis. In addition, HIRA mRNA was expressed extremely high in gonads compared to the other tissues, which indicates that HIRA gene may also help gonads to maintain their normal function.

Abstract:采用PCR扩增和DNA测序技术，测定分析了大菱鲆引自冰岛和法国的2个引进群体以及1个国内累代繁养群体共60尾个体的mtDNA D-loop区部分序列的遗传多样性。结果表明，60尾个体中，扩增获得的mtDNA D-Loop区部分序列长度为739～759bp；共检测到46个变异位点，其中单一变异位点17个，简约信息位点29个；共检测出56个单倍型，各群体的单倍型多样度分别为冰岛1.000、法国0.950和累代繁养0.850。3个群体的核苷酸多态性分别为冰岛0.00797、法国0.01134和累代繁养0.00616。各群体间的遗传分化系数分别为冰岛vs法国0.53441、冰岛vs累代繁养0.27723、法国vs累代繁养0.60725。虽然3个群体的遗传多样性都不高，但是各种群之间存在一定的遗传分化，可以分别作为单独的种群进行种质保存和利用，特别是法国种群与其他2个种群间的遗传距离更远，更具引种价值。

Abstract:基于分形理论研究了大菱鲆18月龄体重数据的分形特征。分析了2007～2010年度18月龄体重性状的信息维数和关联维数。分析结论显示，2007～2010年度所构建的大菱鲆选育家系群体18月龄体重性状的信息维数介于0.9422～0.9586之间，不同年度之间的信息维数变异不显著，这说明不同年度各选育家系群体18月龄体重性状的信息维数均为较大值，所统计群体的遗传变异都十分丰富，统计性状的变异范围也较大，显示出良好的育种潜力；相应数据的关联维数分析结果表明，除2008年度小尺度范围的关联维数是0.4284外，其余各小尺度范围的关联维数均高于0.73，这表明，从分析结论的总体上来看，大菱鲆各选育家系群体内个体间的遗传结构的相关性较高；信息维数和关联维数作为研究分形特征的指标，从两个角度阐明了选育性状遗传结构的分形特征，在实际的良种选育过程中，应考虑这两方面的因素，确定适当的留种率。

Abstract:应用实时荧光定量PCR技术，检测了TLR20和TLR21基因在斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus感染迟钝爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella tarda、链球菌Streptococcus iniae、嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila和斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒（Channel Catfish Hemorrhage Reovirus，CCRV）后，在0、12、24、48、72h、7d，肝脏、头肾、脾脏、肠中的时空表达特征，探讨它们与斑点叉尾鮰先天免疫反应的关系。结果显示，四种病原都能引起斑点叉尾鮰TLR20、TLR21基因在所测免疫相关组织中表达量的变化，但呈现出不同的表达模式：感染嗜水气单胞菌后这两种基因的表达差异巨大，而TLR21基因的表达变化不大，在肝脏和头肾中表达量仅在3倍以内变化。感染爱德华氏菌后，TLR20、21两种基因的表达模式类似，在肝脏中表达量显著上调。链球菌最高引起肝脏TLR20表达量发生4360倍的变化，远远高于TLR21基因在同组织中的表达量（257.8倍）。斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒感染引起TLR20、21两种基因在肝脏、头肾的上调表达，肠、脾脏的下调表达。以上结果暗示了TLR20、TLR21在斑点叉尾鮰天然免疫应答中起重要作用，为研究鱼类疾病防御机制提供了理论参考。

Abstract:为探讨盐度、pH对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响，采用单因子实验的方法，在水温22±0.2℃条件下，将受精卵在不同盐度（5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45）、不同pH（5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0和9.5）下孵化，观察比较其孵化率HR（%）、畸形率DR（%）以及对初孵仔鱼活力和仔鱼培育周期的影响。并在上述设定条件下，进行了初孵仔鱼耐受试验，测定其存活率SR（%）及生存活力指数（SAI）。结果表明，云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育的最低和最高临界盐度分别为10和45，最低和最高临界pH分别为6.0和9.5；盐度、pH的适宜范围分别是20~40，6.5~9.0，最适范围分别是30~35，7.5~8.0。仔鱼生存盐度、pH的适宜范围分别是20~35，6.0~9.0；最适范围分别是25~30，7.5~8.0。

Abstract:利用多态性好的20对微卫星引物，对中国日照、黄岛、蓬莱和韩国的4个魁蚶地理群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示，20个位点在4个群体中的等位基因数为3～17，平均等位基因数为8.35，平均有效等位基因数为6.230 6；观测杂合度(Ho)为0.466 7~0.966 7；期望杂合度(He)为0.619 8~0.931 8；多态信息含量(PIC)为0.530 1~0.909 3，表现出高的遗传多样性水平。4个群体间的遗传分化指数(Fst)在0.013 2~0.031 4之间，呈现出较低的遗传分化。群体间的遗传距离在0.125 5~0.245 8之间；通过构建UPGMA聚类树，显示日照群体和黄岛群体最先聚类，再与蓬莱群体聚类，最后与韩国群体聚类，说明中国群体与韩国群体亲缘关系较远。本研究所得数据对开展魁蚶遗传育种和种质资源保护具有一定指导意义。

Abstract:In order to establish the quantitative model on eel peripheral blood leukocytes phagocytosing Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro, we first examined the variety of the number of bacteria phagocytosed by eel peripheral blood leukocytes and the survival ratio of the leukocytes when the infection time was unvariable and infection multiplicity was changed, as well as when infection multiplicity was stable and infection time changed. The results showed that the phagocytosis of eel peripheral blood leukocytes to A. hydrophila was significant, when the infection multiplicity was 100:1 and the infection time was 30 min, the number of the bacteria that phagocytosed by eel peripheral blood leukocytes reached saturation while the leukocytes still maintained high activity, indicating that 100:1 and 30 min was the optimal infection multiplicity and infection time. In addition, the quantity model was validated by detecting predation velocity and sterilization velocity. It was found that the phagocytosis velocity of eel peripheral blood leukocytes for A. hydrophila was faster than that for Escherichia coli, while the velocity for killing A. hydrophila was significantly lower than that for killing E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which shows that the quantity model established can be used for further study on intracellular survival mechanisms of A. hydrophila.

Abstract:本研究评估了近交对中华卤虫生长性状的影响。使用实验室养殖的4个世代的中华卤虫近交家系，统计其生长数据，利用一般线性模型计算获得体长最小二乘均值，其中G2代3个近交水平的家系（F=0.0625，F=0.125，F=0.25）的最小二乘均值分别为9749.24、9298.87、9259.42 μm，相比对照家系10179.57 μm分别降低了4.23%、8.65%、9.04%，3个群体体长性状均有不同程度的衰退，并且随着近交系数的增加，衰退呈现加重趋势。3个水平的家系每10%近交系数导致的近交衰退分别为-6.77%、-6.92%和-3.62%，综合计算所得所有近交家系每10%近交系数导致的近交衰退为-5.77%。研究结果表明中华卤虫近交家系的体长性状有明显的衰退。

Abstract:以牙鲆为实验对象，研究了4种不同规格的T型标志牌（T-A、T-B、T-C和T-D）对全长5、7、9和11cm苗种的标记效果，确立了适宜标志的牙鲆苗种规格，筛选了适宜于不同规格牙鲆苗种标记用的T型标志牌。全长5cm的苗种不宜使用这4种规格的标志牌标记；T-A和T-B标志牌适宜于全长7~11cm的牙鲆苗种，标记后脱牌率为2%~8%，存活率为90%~100%；T-C标志牌适宜于标记全长11cm的苗种成活率为94%，脱牌率为5%，对全长7~9 cm苗种的标志效果不佳，成活率为85%~87%，脱牌率为9%~11%。 T-D标志牌不适宜于全长11 cm以下牙鲆苗种的标记，脱牌率为11%~26%，成活率为51%~89%。2011~2012年，利用T-B标志牌在北戴河开展了牙鲆大规模标志放流试验，取得了良好的标记效果。

Abstract:建立一种实用的标记方法，对更好地评价三疣梭子蟹增殖放流效果和良种选育工作非常重要。本实验采用注射可视嵌入性荧光、剪附肢两种手段对不同期别三疣梭子蟹进行标记，以研究标记的适用性及对个体生长的影响。对不同发育阶段三疣梭子蟹进行两个部位荧光注射，统计蜕壳后可识率。结果显示，II、III期幼蟹适合腹面区域注射，IV期以后适合游泳足基节和头胸甲背面的薄膜关节注射；标记后，经过两次蜕壳，识别率在80%以上，但3次蜕壳后，识别率较低；根据标记组、未标记组生长数据，通过单因素方差分析发现：标记对三疣梭子蟹个体生长无显著性影响。VII期以后的幼蟹，更适合剪附肢法，该法操作简单，识别率高，对个体生长、存活无显著性影响(P≥0.05)。因此本研究得出：将两种个体标记方法结合起来应用，更合理、更科学，为梭子蟹增殖放流、良种选育等研究提供有力的工具。

Abstract:The pharmacokinetics of sulfadimoxine (SDM’) in plasma, muscle and liver tissues of Paralichthys olivaceaus were analyzed using UPLC method after oral administration of 200 mg/kg SDM’ as a single dose. The results showed that the SDM’ concentrations in plasma, muscle and liver of P. olivaceaus were best described as a two-compartment model by DAS. 2.0. The time to reach maximum concentration in plasma, muscle and liver was 24 h, 24 h and 8 h, and the Cmax was 158.09 mg/kg, 43.04 mg/kg and 6.71 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half life turned out to be 48.9 h, 501.5 h and 116.1 h. The residual time of SDM’ in P. olivaceaus was very long.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of low temperature treatment on growth and body wall composition of Apostichopus japonicus during aestivation, three groups of sea cucumbers (average body weight 65.26±4.37g) were cultured for 120d at different temperature regimes. Treatment A was cultured at low temperatures indoor throughout the experiment, while Treatments B and C were cultured at low temperatures indoor after aestivation for 30d and 60d, respectively. The sea cucumbers were sampled every 30 days during the experiment, and their growth and body wall composition were analyzed and compared. It was found that, the weight of sea cucumbers decreased significantly during aestivation, but increased significantly after aestivation. Low temperature treatment did prevent most of the sea cucumbers from aestivation, yet their growth performance was not as good as the other treatments. The specific growth rate of Treatments A, B and C were −0.03%/d, 0.27%/d and 0.32%/d, however, their survival rate were 91.67%, 71.43% and 53.57%, respectively. Although being cultured at low temperatures during aestivation season did not promote growth of the animals, it may contribute to higher survivorship. The nutritional components of sea cucumber body wall, ranking from high to low percentage, were moisture, crude protein, ash, total sugar and crude lipids. After being cultured for 30d, Treatments B and C showed higher contents of crude protein and crude lipids, but less moisture, ash and total sugar, compared to Treatment A. By the end of the experiment, Treatments A and C showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in body wall composition compared to their initial values; this was also found in Treatment B except its content of crude lipids, which was significantly lower (P <0.05) than the initial value. The results indicated that some of the sea cucumbers may still go aestivating despite low temperature treatment in summer; sea cucumbers generally show a rapid weight gain after aestivation, and this weight gain may not accompany significant change in body wall composition. This study would provide important data support for industrialized farming of sea cucumbers.

Abstract:采用菌落计数法分别测定氟苯尼考对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的抗菌后效应（PAE）。结果表明：药物的浓度越大，对细菌生长繁殖的抑制作用就越强；除去药物后，细菌的生长恢复速度就越慢。其中，细菌的生长恢复速度和强度依次为溶藻弧菌＞哈维氏弧菌＞灿烂弧菌。在1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC浓度时，氟苯尼考对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的PAE值分别为0.39、0.46和1.07 h，0.48、0.70和1.12 h，0.63、1.03和1.19 h，表明氟苯尼考对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌均有不同程度的PAE，且PAE值与药物浓度呈正相关。因此在制定给药方案时，可以参考本实验结果适当地延长给药时间间隔，减少给药次数，仍能维持较好的抗菌效果。

Abstract:An analytical method was established for the determination of spermine in brine shrimp by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector. Spermine in brine shrimp samples was extracted with a mixture of 5% TCA, then derived with dansyl chloride, followed by separation via the C18 RP-HPLC column with methanol-water. Under the optimal conditions, spermine showed good linear relationship in the range of 0.1~103μg/ml and the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9999. At the spiked levels of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0μg/ml, the average recoveries were 86.3%~96.3% with the relative standard deviations less than 5%. The minimum detection concentration was 0.06μg/ml. The overall process was successfully applied to identify and quantify spermine in brine shrimp, and the value was 0.077mg/g. The method is sensitive, rapid and precise.

Abstract:The subcellular distributions of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mg, Ca, Cd, Pb, Al, and As in Sargassum fusiforme were examined, in order to reveal the subcellular distribution characteristics of different elements and the mechanism of its special hyperaccumulation of As. The results indicated that Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca and Mg were mainly stored in the plant cell walls, yet their distributional patterns in cytoplasmic supernatant and cell organelles were different. The concentrations of Al, Cd and Pb in the cell walls were much higher than those in either cytoplasmic supernatant or cell organelles. However, the subcellular distributions of As showed a decreasing trend as: cytoplasmic supernatant (58%) >cell wall (26%-27%)>cell organelles (15%-16%), indicating that the cytoplasmic supernatant was the main storage for As in S. fusiforme. The present study suggested that the isolation of As in cytoplasmic supernatant may be an important mechanism for accumulation of As in S. fusiforme.

Abstract:To investigate the bioremediation function of Sargassum thunbergii, the seaweed was cultivated in pond from March 2009 to July 2010, and the growth of thalli cultured in four modes with different temperature, light intensity, salinity or pH was determined. The results showed that: 1) under the same experimental conditions, wild seedlings grew faster than the curtain seedlings, and artificial seedlings grew even slower; 2) water-level between 40 cm and 60 cm was most suitable for the growth of S. thunbergii, and the ranking was 0-20 cm, 80-100 cm, and 150-200 cm, which achieved the slowest growth and the thalli began to drop off due to decaying in mid May; 3) the thalli grew most rapidly at water flow rate of 1 m/s, which slowed down with the decrease of flow rate; 4) the thalli growth was at its best at light intensities between 4000 lx ~6000 lx, and the growth rate was relatively slower with the light intensity above 10000 lx or below 3000 lx. Additionally, this study also showed that from late April to mid May (water temperature, 14-18oC), S. thunbergii entered fast-growth stage, with rapid increase of length and biomass; from mid May to early June (water temperature, 18-23oC), the seaweed started to spawn and its length and biomass reached the maximal values; from mid-to-late June (water temperature, >24oC), the seaweed began to decay and rot off, due to the increase of water temperature.

Abstract:To determine the suitable cultural conditions for the growth and development of Sargassum thunbergii germlings, three factors (illumination, temperature, salinity, each with three levels) orthogonal experiments and the nutrients experiments were carried out. The results showed that temperature on the special growth rate (SGR) of S. thunbergii germlings is the most significant (P<0.05). The maximum value of SGR was 10.87% when temperature was 25℃. But the SGR decreased gradually as the temperature dropped. Effect of salinity on the germlings SGR was significant (P<0.05). The germlings grew faster when salinity was 30, whereas the SGR decreased as salinity reduced. Effect of illumination (2,000~8,000lx) on the SGR was not significant and the range of SGR was close to the error. Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients levels had great influences on the SGR of S. thunbergii germlings. The nitrogen concentration of the natural seawater used in the experiments basically met the requirements of the germlings growth; however, the phosphorus was relatively lacking. When N/P over 15:1, it was adverse to germlings growth and the suitable ratio was about 10:1~2:1. In conclusion, temperature 25℃, salinity 30 and illumination 2000lx were the suitable cultural conditions for S. thunbergii germlings. Cultural medium with nitrogen concentration of 0.45~1 mg/L and phosphorus concentration of 0.3 mg/L was suitable to the growth of S. thunbergii germlings.

Abstract:Study on agarose processing method is important for realizing domestic agarose production. Four methods, including polyethylene glycol, ammonia sulfate, EDTA-Na2 and urea methods were used to extract agarose. The four methods showed significant difference in agarose productivity and quality, among which the EDTA-Na2 method obtained the highest agarose productivity of 62.3%, the polyethylene glycol method produced agarose containing the least sulfate (1.39%) and ash (0.42%), the urea method produced agarose with the best electrophoresis characteristics of crystal violet which showed an electrophoresis length of 8.6 cm, while the EDTA-Na2 method produced agarose with the best electrophoresis characteristics of polyethylene glycol which displayed an electrophoresis length of 3.9 cm. With the polyethylene glycol method, the longer the extraction time, the greater the purity and quality of the agarose. Triple polyethylene glycol extraction obtained better agarose than those of other methods. These results would provide parameters for optimizing agarose production methods.

Abstract:介绍了国际食品法典（CAC）亚洲区域紫菜标准的背景、制定进程以及中日韩三国针对紫菜标准争论的焦点问题，重点分析了亚洲区域紫菜标准对我国紫菜产业发展和进出口贸易产生的影响。结合我国紫菜产业发展现状，本文提出了持续性跟踪和积极参与紫菜国际标准的制定，加强对紫菜产品中重金属和扑草净等污染物的安全性评估等具体措施和建议，以期为我国相关政府部门在制定紫菜加工业发展规划和制修订紫菜产品标准等方面提供理论依据和数据参考。