Abstract:Over the past half-century, the coastal ocean ecosystems have changed greatly under the multiple stressors（including over-exploitation and utilization, climate change such as global warming and natural fluctuations，and environmental pollution），in which, the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem is the most representative one. It is mainly manifested in the changes of biodiversity and productivity of ecosystem; as a result, larger, higher trophic level, and commercially important demersal species were replaced by smaller, lower trophic level, pelagic, less-valuable species. The analysis showed that the coastal ocean ecosystems as well as their changes will be controlled by a mechanism of multiple factors, and it leads to the complexity and uncertainty of the ecosystem changes, and difficult to identify and manage. Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture(IMTA) is an effective way to respond to multiple stressors for coastal ocean ecosystems. This paper discusses the scientific basis for development of IMTA and introduces the IMTA practice and its effect in Sanggou Bay located in the Yellow Sea. And also, carbon budget and ecological service function of IMTA was assessed. For future development, the diversification of IMTA model needs special attention，and gets more support from basic research. In addition to the biology and regional ecology of culture species, study on the biogeochemical cycling and hydrodynamic processes in mariculture ecosystem also need to be strengthened. Moreover, the impact of ocean acidification on cultured organisms and the adaptive strategies in ecosystem-based management should be further concerned.

Abstract:The annual yield of shellfish aquaculture in China is reaching nearly 10 million tonnes. Carbon sequestration rate of the maricultured scallop Chlamys farreri in different areas of Sanggou Bay was measured in this study, and the main controlling factors in different areas were analyzed and discussed. Also, the comparability with terrestrial ecosystems was increased by standardizing carbon unit. No significant difference was found for scallop shell and soft tissue carbon content in different areas. However, differences in growth rate, stocking density and survival rate in different areas caused the differences in yield, which consequently resulted in different biological carbon sequestration rates in different areas. Carbon sequestration rate of cultured scallop C.farreri was comparable with the forest. In addition, shellfish farming activities had complicated the relationship with ecosystem carbon cycling in shallow water.Physiological processes such as feeding, breathing, bio-deposit and calcification need to be further studied in the future.

Abstract:Seagrass meadows occupy less than 0.2% of the area of the world’s oceans but are estimated to contribute 10% of the yearly estimated organic carbon burial.Globally,seagrass ecosystems could store as much as 19.9 Pg organic carbon. The high carbon storage capacity in seagrass meadows may result from the high primary production of seagrass meadows and their capacity to filter out particles from the water column and store them in soils. Eelgrass, Zostera marina is one of the common seagrass species in the northern hemisphere.Investigation in Sanggou Bay showed that the biomass of eelgrass varied between 313.5 and 769.3 g DW/m2 from 2011 to 2012, with the maximum of 738.1 g DW/m2 in summer. Primary production was about 2.0~6.4 g DW/m2•d and tissue carbon content was 35.5% in the plant. Stored carbon in the eelgrass meadow from primary production was about 543.5 gC/m2•yr. Biomass of algal epiphyte was small, with a wet weight of 21.2 g/m2 and contributed 30 g C/m2•yr carbon storage. As a Ruditapes philippinarum stock enhancement area, the carbon sink contribution from the clam was 63.15g C/m2•yr.In addition, when other carbon source, such as stripped particles was considered, the carbon pool capacity was 1 180 g C/m2•yr and the whole of the bed can reach 290 Mg C/yr.

Abstract:Effects of ammonia and phosphorus addition on Gracilarial emaneifomis photosynthetic rate were evaluated in terms of oxygen production and carbon acquisition, and the carbon sink function of this cultured seaweed was discussed. Iodimetry measurement for dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity (TA) determination for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were taken to measure the rates of O2 production and DIC acquisition of G. lemaneifomis. During the experiment period, seaweed G. lemaneifomis was cultured in sealed synthetic glass containers under 4 different nutrient conditions (ADDN,10μmol/L NH4Cl; ADDP, 1.0μmol/L KH2PO4; ADDNP,10μmol/L NH4Cl+1.0μmol/L KH2PO4; NONP, without addition of nitrogen or phosphorus), in situ seawater as control. The results showed that from August to November, the added ammonia and phosphorus had no significant effect on RO (photosynthetic rate in oxygen production) of G. lemaneifomis; in November, the added ammonia and phosphorus significantly increased the RO of the seaweed. The added ammonia and phosphorus had no significant impact on RDIC. RCO2 ranged from 6.9 to 18.4μmol/g DW•h (average 11.3μmol/g DW•h). No significant difference in each condition but obvious seasonal variations were observed.RHCO-3ranged from 117.1 to 487.1μmol/g DW•h. ANOVA analysis revealed no significant difference in pCO2 for each treatment, but there were obvious seasonal variations in pCO2. Significant difference in photosynthetic quotient (PQ) was found among treatments and months; PQ (average) maximized (1.23) when ammonia was added, and the monthly average PQ was in the range of 0.59~1.50.

Abstract:Based on continuous measuring of pCO2 and other carbon parameters in the shellfish beds, shellfish-algae co-culture areas and algae farming areas of Sanggou Bay from 27th to 29th May, 2012, as well daily observation in the shellfish beds, the distribution characteristics and affecting factors of pCO2 between air-sea interface in the different aquaculture zones of Sanggou Bay were discussed in this paper. It was found that Chl-a was extremely high during the investigations. As a result, dissolved oxygen was always saturated, even up to 140% saturation, while a large amount of inorganic carbon was strongly consumed by photosynthesis. Thus, this area was considered to be a CO2 sink.More specifically, pCO2 of the shellfish beds was small compared to that of the shellfish-algae co-culture area, algae farming area and coastal zones. Undoubtedly, this investigation is not enough to prove that Sanggou Bay is a CO2 sink, but more observations are still needed in large temporal-spatial scales in order to answer the questions such as how much the resuspension and degradation of the deposited particulate organic matter contributes to the pCO2 in the water-air interface, and how much the particulate organic matter is actually buried, etc.

Abstract:The background, function and progress of research on the estimation of carbon sink under“2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories” were introduced in this review. The carbon sink function and measurements newly published in the 2006 IPCC guidelines are for forest, cropland, grassland, wetland,human settlements and other land forms. However, the carbon sequestration function of aquaculture, which is categorized as wetland, has not been given in the guidelines, neither its calculation methods. The carbon storage of forest land was first investigated, and the measurement of carbon storage in cropland, grassland, wetland, human settlement and other land biomass were being built up based on the more matured measures of the forest land. Hopefully some useful message could be drawn from the development of research on forest land carbon sink for that of aquaculture.

Abstract:Based on the analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of the water samples collected from eighteen stations in Sanggou Bay in August, 2012, according to the different aquaculture characteristics, the horizontal distribution of DOC and POC, and the source of POC were discussed. The results showed that the concentrations of DOC ranged from 1.70 mg/L to 2.82 mg/L, with an average of 2.03mg/L. The DOC demonstrated a decreasing trend from the west to the east. The concentration of POC ranged from 0.04 mg/L to 1.33mg/L, with the average of 0.55mg/L. The POC demonstrated an increasing trend from the south to the north. The concentrations of DOC and POC in net-cage culture area showed the highest values, followed by the coastal waters of Sanggou Bay. The DOC and POC concentrations were the lowest in the kelp culture area, indicating a direct relationship between the concentration of organic carbon and aquaculture species. Preliminary analysis of the source of POC based the POC/Chl-a ratios, showed that the living phytoplankton were the main source of POC in the bivalve, kelp, and bivalve-seaweed aquaculture areas, the coastal water and the offshore control area, while degraded organic matter was found in the net-cage culture area.

Abstract:In order to assess the effect of seaweed aquaculture on sea-air CO2 flux, a large-scale seaweed aquaculture area which is located in Lidao Bay, was selected as the investigation area. Based on the investigation data of pH, total alkalinity (TA), Chl-a, etc. during four cruises from April 2011 to January 2012, the spatial and seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) system parameters and aqueous pCO2 were investigated.Results showed that the mean annual concentrations of DIC, HCO-3, CO2-3 and CO2 were 2 024.8±147.0μmol/L, 1 842.4±132.1 μmol/L, 170.0±42.8μmol/L and 12.4±2.5 μmol/L, respectively. There were no significant differences between areas in concentrations of DIC and HCO-3(P> 0.05), while the differences for the concentration of CO2 were highly significant(P< 0.01).The mean annual values of aqueous pCO2 and sea-air CO2 flux were 287.8±37.9 μatm and -32.7±17.2 μmol/m2•d, respectively. There were highly significant differences(P< 0.01) for aqueous pCO2 and sea-air CO2 flux not only between different areas, but also between different seasons.Seaweed aquaculture is helpful for the diffusion of CO2 across the sea-air interface.

Abstract:Based on four investigations of total alkalinity and pH, and combined with other chemical, biological factors and mariculture activities, the distribution characteristics, seasonal variation of seawater CO2 parameters and the major influencing factors were discussed in this research. The results showed that in October and January, the CO2 system parameters were primarily influenced by temperature and salinity; while in August, the pCO2 and pH were controlled by dissolved oxygen and primary productivity, respectively. While in April, no significant correlation was found between CO2 system parameters and hydrological, chemical or biological factors. The maximum differences in spatial distribution of pCO2 were in August, followed by October, April and January. Average pCO2 in the four investigations were below the atmospheric CO2 pressure; seasonal trend in pCO2 was August

Abstract:As a typical remediation and enhancement ecosystem, artificial reefs are manipulated to some extent in terms of their biological community structure and ecological environment. Therefore, carbon circulation and carbon-fixation of the reef system are greatly influenced by production activities of human beings. In this study, mechanism of carbon sink of main carbon-fixing biological factors is analyzed according to the structure feature of artificial reefs. Methods for calculating fixed carbon in reef area are discussed, and approaches for promoting carbon-fixing capacity of marine organism through artificial reef construction are analyzed.

Abstract:Marine fishing industry is one kind of fishery carbon sinks. The carbon, which is fixed by phytoplankton and transported through the food chain/web, is removed from the sea by harvesting. According to the evaluation of carbon sink by marine fishing industry, there were about 2.83~10.08 million tons and 3.61~26.13 million tons of carbon removed annually from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea respectively, during 1980~2000. Although carbon sink increased with fishing production, destruction of the marine ecosystem weakened the contribution of fishing to carbon sink. So, carbon sink by fishing in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea reduced 23% and 27%, respectively. At the same time, marine resources decline was a disadvantage to sustainability of carbon sink by fishing. However，by enhancement and release of Fenneropenaeus orientalis, fishing carbon sink in the Bohai Sea increased 1.66×104 tons in 2009. Hence, measures including enhancement and release should be taken to restore and improve carbon sink by marine fishing industry.

Abstract:The diurnal rhythm of respiration, excretion and calcification of Crassostrea gigas at three sizes(shell height：Small: 2.5 cm; Middle: 5.5 cm; Big: 6.8 cm) were studied in laboratory control (at 10℃and 20℃) and an experimental farming area(at 18℃). A rhythm was found for the metabolism of oysters. Oxygen consumption (OR) showed a diurnal rhythm, with higher OR at night at 10℃ in the experimental containers， and a reversed rhythm was found at 18℃ in the sea area. The difference in OR between day and night was 0.07~0.08 mg/ind•h under either situations. Meanwhile, OR at 20℃ was stable. The NH3 excretion rate showed the same trend at day and night, which was different with the OR rate. It was considered that excretion of C. gigas may be affected by tidal rhythm. Calcification did not show an obvious rhythm, but it was significantly different between time periods (P＜0.05). Reasons for the difference in metabolism rhythm was discussed in this paper. It is suggested that calculating the level of metabolism by physiological indices gathered in a short interval should be avoided,and replicates at different time periods are needed.

Abstract:Fish and crustaceans are the main ways removing carbon from freshwater ecosystems. In 2009, the total fishery and aquaculture production in China was 3.45 million tonnes for silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 2.43 million tonnes for bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, 4.08 million tonnes for grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, 2.06 million tonnes for crucian carp Carassius auratus and 2.46 million tonnes for common carp Cyprinus carpio. Silver and bighead carp are filtering fish and live on natural food. Mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is piscivorous fish and lives on natural fishes that feed on natural food. Assuming that 20% of the total production of grass carp, crucian carp, common carp and blunthead bream Megalobrama amblycephala from aquaculture feeding on the natural food, the carbon removal by freshwater aquaculture is around 1.55 million tonnes and about 1.86 million tonnes of carbon is deposited in feces(the carbon input was not calculated). There are also 0.278 million tonnes of carbon removed from natural capture fisheries as the production is around 2.14 million tonnes. Different lakes are varied in ecosystem characteristics and show different ability of carbon removal. The Poyang Lake is a large shallow lake. The carbon removal from Poyang Lake by fisheries was 11.8~27.6 kg/hm2•yr and its total removal was 3 890~9 061 t/yr, and its total carbon sequestration was 8 558~19 935t/yr during 1950s to 1990s.The Liangzi Lake is a medium shallow lake. Carbon removal by fisheries from Liangzi Lake is around 24~38 t/hm2•yr and total removal is 700~1 100 t/yr. The Donghu Lake is a eutrophic lake and its fisheries carbon removal is 78 kg/hm2•yr and total carbon removal is 260t/yr. The total lake area in the middle and lower reaches of Yangzi River is 16 700 km2 in 1971 and 13 000 km2 in 2000, of which average carbon removal by fisheries is 10~30 kg/hm2•yr and the total carbon removal by fisheries from all these lakes is 16 700~13 000 t/yr and 50 100~39 000 t/yr. Freshwater fisheries and aquaculture could remove carbon from freshwater, but also provide food for the human beings.There are still some differences in carbon removal via different calculations.

Abstract:The connection between marine phytoplankton and fishery carbon sink is discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the phytoplankton related fishery carbon sink parameters, including phytoplankton primary productivity, carbon biomass, specific growth rate and its grazing mortality rate by microzooplankton, are highlighted. For each parameter, its common measuring methods were briefly described. Essentially, the fishery carbon sink is a major branch of phytoplankton carbon sink,and its calculation and measurement is the same as that of carbon flux of marine ecosystem.

Abstract:Two surveys on macrobenthos along the coastal waters of Rizhao were carried out in April and October 2007, and all the collected samples were classified. A total of 141 species were identified in the two surveys and the number of Polychaete, Crustacea and Mollusca, which were the dominant species,accounted for 38.30%, 34.75% and 17.73% of the total number of species. The total mean abundance and biomass were 1 885 ind/m2 and 39.82 g/m2 at the 7 stations. Biodiversity of macrobenthos was higher in spring than that in autumn. Dominant species slightly changed in different seasons, and biological community structure was stable, except that station SR001 in spring and station SR003 and SR005 in autumn were disturbed moderately.

Abstract:To test the high-temperature tolerance of turbot, young fish of different turbot F2 families was studied through heat shock and being cultured in high temperature seawater. Experiment A: 50-day post hatching(dph) young fish from F2 families (year 2010) was heat-shocked acutely in 30℃ seawater for 2 hours, then transfered into normal saewater and the survival rate was recorded for the next 48h. Experiment B: 100dph youngfish from F2 families (year 2009 and 2010) was reared in high temperature seawater with the water temperature being raised continuously at 2℃/day.The survival rates of young fish in each family were recorded every 12h. Twenty F2 families and 11 broodstocks were selected by the survival rate phenotype post heat shock and high temperature culture. The 20 F2 families and 11 broodstocks of turbot with high-temperature tolerance are expected to become part of the core population for breeding.

Abstract:In Fenneropenaeus chinesis，118 SNPs were selected for validation using high resolution melting (HRM) assays with unlabeled probes, in which 39 (33.1%) loci were polymorphic. Polymorphism of these 39 distinct loci was assessed using 48 individuals, and the results showed that the values of Ne, Ho, He and PIC varied from 1.051 2 to 1.999, from 0.000 to 0.947, from 0.049 to 0.506, from 0.049 to 0.506, respectively. The 39 contigs,to which 39 loci belonged，were annotated with Nr database. The annotation showed that, most corresponding genes were associated with immunity. The results indicated that unlabeled HRM is a simple, rapid and efficient method for SNP genotyping. These polymorphic markers will be useful genetic tools in the population genetics and breeding programs for Fenneropenaeus chinensis.

Abstract:The study was conducted to investigate the impact of Astragalus polysaccgarudes(APS) microcapsules (drug loading 17%) on the growth, nonspecific immune indices and resistance of Apostichopus japonicas against Vibrio splendidus infection.APS microcapsules were added at graded levels (1%, 3%, and 5%) to the basal diet to formulate three practical compound diets. Continuous 35-day feeding trials were carried out on A. japonicus at initial body weight of 22.0±1.0g. After feeding the diets for 35 days, specific growth rate (SGR) for the 5% treatment was 0.51%/d, which was significantly higher than the control. The activities of serum acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) increased significantly (P<0.05) in the 3% treatment. During the experiment these factors were determined at 7-day intervals. The activity of ACP was 11.2U/100ml at 28d during the experiment (P<0.05), the activity of SOD was 63.3U/ml at 21d (P<0.05), and the activity of MPO was 40MPO unit/ml at 21d (P>0.05). After the feeding trial, a V. splendidus injection challenge was given to the sea cucumbers to test the effects of APS microcapsule. The 3% treatment showed significantly better survival than the control (P<0.05). It is suggested that supplementation of 3% APS microcapsules has the greatest effects on growth, immunity and disease resistance in A. japonicas against V.splendidus. In addition, there was a direct relationship between the level and time of treatment, and the immunity.

Abstract:To investigate the capability of accumulation and elimination of Cu2+ in clam，Meretrix meretrix were exposed to different concentrations of Cu2+ for 35 days and then transferred and cultured in the natural seawater for 45d. Copper content in the tissue of M.meretrix was determined and the results showed that mortality and death peak time correlated insignificantly with Cu2+ concentration; the content of copper increased markedly in the 0.025 and 0.05 mg/L treatment group with the highest average accumulation rate of 1.765 mg/kg•d; no correlation was found between the steady-state time and concentration of Cu2+. The elimination experiment showed an obvious decrease in copper content in both 0.025 and 0.05 mg/L treatments, with the highest rate of elimination of 88.7%.According to the two-compartment kinetic model, uptake rate constant (k1), extracting rate constant(k 2) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of Cu2+ in the 0.01,0.025 and 0.05 mg/L treatment group; BCF of copper was relatively small in M.meretrix; the maximal metal contents in test organism(CAmax) at steady-state was positively correlated with Cu2+ concentration in the test solution.

Abstract:In order to understand the nutritive quality and nutritional components in the edible part of Anadara uropygimelana, the contents of 18 common amino acids, protein, lipids as well as vitamins and mineral ions in the soft tissue of A.uropygimelana were analyzed in this research. The results showed that the content of crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate and crude ash in the dry meat of A.uropygimelana were 72.67%, 1.23%, 4.44% and 11.73% respectively. Eighteen common amino acids were found in the tissue of A.uropygimelana and the total content of amino acids was 719.75mg/g in dry sample. The content of EAA was 251.23mg/g (dry weight) and the ratio of total essential amino acids to total amino acids was 34.91%, which met the FAO/WHO standards. According to nutrition evaluation in amino acids score (AAS) and chemical score (CS), the AAS of the edible part of A.uropygimelana was 107.86 with the first limiting amino acid as Val and the second limiting amino acid as Trp. The content of ω-3PUFA in fatty acids was 33.32%, which was much higher than most bivalves. The results also indicated that the edible part of A.uropygimelana was rich in water-soluble vitamins (B2, B3, B5 and C) and mineral ions such as Ca, Zn, Fe, Se, etc. The contents of heavy metals in the edible part of A.uropygimelana was low and no benzene hexachloride or DDT was detected in the sample, indicating that A.uropygimelana is safe to eat.In conclusion, the edible part of A.uropygimelana was of high nutritional value and good for human health.

Abstract:The main effects of irradiances（20,40,80,120,200 μmol/m2•s） on growth and biochemical composition of Sargassum muticum were studied indoors.Higher growth rates of S. muticum were observed at irradiance of 80~200 μmol/m2•s, and the maximum content of some biochemicals (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, soluble protein, and soluble sugar) were obtained at the lowest irradiance (20 μmol/m2•s). The rapid increase of algae polyphenols was observed at the highest irradiance (200 μmol/m2•s).The finding has important implication for the extraction of natural polyphenols.

Abstract:The impact of light intensity on growth and biomass of Gracilaria chouae were studied under laboratory conditions. It was found that G.chouae could not keep long term growth at a low light intensity (40 μmol/m2•s). In a short time (<7 d), G.chouae achieved the rapidest grow that 80~120 μmol/m2•s, and the content of photosynthetic pigment was greater than the other treatments. In a longer period (14~28 d), the relative growth rate and the content of photosynthetic pigment of G.chouae increased with higher light intensities.Their dry weight reached the peak at 200 μmol/m2•s. The highest photosynthetic rate and respiration rate of G.chouae were obtained at 0.40±0.12 μmol O2/g•s, and 0.07±0.03 μmol O2/g•s respectively.The light saturation and compensation points of G.chouae were 200±60 μmol/m2•s and 35±15 μmol/m2•s, respectively.

Abstract:High-density pond culture leads to water quality deterioration and wastewater discharge, which may result in pollution of pond and even coastal waters, and affect the sustainable development of pond culture. Domestic and foreign scholars generally believe that large-scale seaweeds cultivation is one of the effective ways to absorb and utilize nutrients and relieve the eutrophication.Sargassum thunbergii can rapidly absorb harmful substances in seawater, such as arsenic,zinc and cadmium, as well as NH+4-N,NO-3-N, P， etc.Therefore， it is suitable to cultivate this algae in cofferdam or artificial reef pond in co-culture with sea cucumber or abalone. S.thunbergi cultivation during spring and summer have been widely reported, however, culture during autumn and winter is still very limited.To investigate the growth characteristics of S.thunbergi in different stages and the impact of environmental factors, such as temperature, light intensity, salinity or pH, on both one year old (1-y algae) and two years old (2-y algae)seedlings, S.thunbergi were cultivated at different depths in pond from October 2010 to March 2011. Morphological observation was done and growth rate was determined on the seaweed.It was found that: 1)best growth was achieved at water-depths of 40~60cm, followed by that of 80~100cm,and the slowest growth was found at 0~20 cm;2) no receptacle was seen during the experiment, and 2-y algae set forth some 1~2 cm secondary branches, while 1-y algae did not; 1-y algae produced air sac in mid-November, while 2-y algae did the same at the beginning of the experiment; from mid-December, air sac began to decay and rot off, when water temperature was below 0℃ and pond was frozen in mid-January of the next year, most air sac fell off and the thalli began to rot with shortened length, thin frond, decreased fresh weight and black brown body;as water temperature gradually rose in late February, S. thunbergii began to grow, with increasing length and weight; some thalli produced air sac gradually in early March;3) during this experiment, 2-y algae grew better than 1-y algae, showing greater length and weight, It was found that factor S, which is the ratio of fresh weight to length of a single algae,was also greater in 2-y algae than 1-y algae.

Abstract:A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of nutrient supplement on nitrogen uptake and growth of macroalgae,including Gracilaria asiatica, G. chouae, Grateloupia filicina,Sargassum thunbergii, and S.pallidum. It was found that nitrate absorption of these macroalgae was obvious within certain temperature range.With the rise of temperature, the nitrite uptake rate demonstrated an increasing trend.At 15℃, G.asiatica and G.chouae exhibited a maximal uptake rate of 0.507±0.136 μmol/g•h and 0.448±0.095μmol/g•h, respectively. At 20℃, G.filicina and S.thunbergii exhibited a maximal uptake rate of 0.614±0.033μmol/g•h and 0.289±0.019μmol/g•h. At 25℃, S.pallidum exhibited a maximal uptake rate of 0.748 ±0.015μmol/g•h. These findings indicated that S. pallidum is more efficient than the other species in removing nitrogen. Temperature had a significant impact on macroalgae growth, and at 20℃,the highest growth rate in wet weight occurred in most macroalgae, especially G.chouae, reaching 4.79±0.45%/d.

Abstract:Taking fresh Enteromorpha prolifera and Pseudosciaena polyactis as raw materials, effects of pretreatment, seasoning and frying on the production of E. prolifera dried fish floss were studied. Through the orthogonal design and sensory evaluation, the best flavoring formula for the pressurization of P.polyactis was established as 3.0% salt, 0.8% monosodium glutamate, 2.0% white sugar, 1.0% cooking wine and P. polyactis beating time was determined as 4 min.The frying conditions were optimized by response surface analysis.The optimum conditions were as follows:weight ratio of surimi to E. prolifera powder 3.85∶1, initial frying time 14.2min and crisp-frying time 41.5 min. The final product with special flavor and rich nutrition suggested that it is a new technique for the deep processing of both E. prolifera and P.polyactis.

Abstract:Using astragalus polysaccharides as the core material, sodium alginate as the wall material, a spray coagulation bath method was developed for preparation of astragalus polysaccharides microcapsules, which are uniform particles at the sizes of 100~150μm and insoluble in water. Through phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry, the drug loading of the microcapsule was measured as 108mg/g, and the embedding rate was 85.7%. A 35-d feeding experiment was conducted on sea cucumbers to evaluate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides microcapsules on resistance against Vibrio splendidus. The basal diet was used as control. Four practical diets were supplemented with 3% blank microcapsule and 1%, 3%, and 5% astragalus polysaccharides microcapsule, respectively (Treatment 1～4). Each diet was randomly allocated to four groups of sea cucumber cultured in 200L fiberglass indoor tanks with circulating seawater and constant aeration. Each tank was stocked with 30 sea cucumbers (initial average weight 30.00±1.00g). After 35 days of feeding with microcapsules or control diet, every group of sea cucumbers were injected into the body wall with 109 CFU/ml live V.splendidus bacterial stock solution at a dose of 0.1 ml per sea cucumber (based on data of 10-day LD50 pre-test). Sea cucumbers in Treatment 3 and 4 showed significantly lower accumulative mortality than the control, or Treatment 1 or 2 (P＜0.05), and no significant difference was observed between Treatment 3 and 4 (P＞0.05).Significant difference was also observed between Treatment 2 and the control (P＜0.05), but no significant difference was observed either between the control and treatment 1, or between treatment 1 and 2 (P＞0.05). According to these results, the oral administration of astragalus polysaccharides microcapsules to A. japonicus at a dose of 3% or 5% enhances the immunity as well as increases disease resistance, and the protective rate may reach 66.67% and 69.44%.

Abstract:According to the symptoms of the bacterial, viral, parasitic, as well as other non-biological diseases in the main species of abalone in China, we summarized 18 kinds of common abalone diseases and established a reference table for their diagnosis. This retrieval table is composed of specific symptoms in sick abalone observed under visualor 10×10～40 microscopy. The parallel taxonomic retrieval table was drawn, based on the characteristics of different disease. With some pictures also presented for reference, this diagnosis table is established specially for quick and easy retrieval during abalone culture.