Abstract:A box model based on nitrogen balance for fish-shellfish-macrophytes polyculture in coastal embayment was developed, and applied for Xiangshan Harbor, China. Simulated phytoplankton, zooplankton and nitrogen concentration were consistent with the measured data of Xiangshan Harbor. The results showed that the seasonal variation of biological production rate led to the mutual transformation of nutrients (such as nitrogen) between dissolved inorganic form and detritus form, and the transformation showed an obvious annual oscillation. The phytoplankton reached the peak amount in summer and showed the lowest amount in winter, while the DIN exhibited an opposite variation pattern. Total nitrogen input into Xiangshan Harbor was about 2 182 tonN/a, coming equally from aquaculture and sewage. The nitrogen output from the bay was,by decreasing order,water exchange with ambient water, aquaculture harvest and fishing. At present, the nitrogen input is larger than the output (about 11%), causing the DIN concentration increase of about 42μgN/L per year in the bay. The model was used to analyze long-term (20 years) influence of different polyculture modes on the DIN concentration in the bay. It shows that DIN concentration in Xiangshan Harbor will slowly increase and the input of nitrogen tends to be balanced with output for the coming several years under current aquaculture mode. If the fish culture is reduced to 40% of the current scale or the macrophytes culture is increased about 20 times of the current scale, the DIN concentration in the bay would gradually decrease and fit the national Grade Ⅲ water quality standard in about 14 years.

Abstract:Biomass size distributions of zooplankton in the Laizhou Bay,Bohai Sea, were analyzed based on the samples collected by plankton nets (mesh size of 160μm and 500μm) in May and June, 2011. Results showed that, in both months, zooplankton individuals from samples were in the size range of -3~10 (in logarithmatic carbon unit), and continuous Sheldon-type biomass size spectra without gaps were found similarly. But in May, Sheldon-type biomass size curve was composed of two major domes attributed by small copepod Acartia bifilosa and meso-individuals, Calanus sinicus, Sagitta crassa respectively. While in June, it had only one remarkable dome attributed by meso-individuals, C. sinicus and S. crassa. Total zooplankton biomass in June was much lower than that in May as the A. bifilosa declined greatly. Moreover, the production and P/B of zooplankton were calculated as 75 mg C/m2•d, 0.20 for May and 24 mg C/m2•d, 0.16 for June. Normalized biomass size spectra were also constructed on a double log plot and fitted closely with a linear regression line with equations y = -0.962 9x +14.893 (R2=0.60) for May and y=-0.906 3x+12.832 (R2 = 0.80) for June. According to theoretical Borgmann model (1987), the fish biomass is predicted to be 0.57 gC/m2 in the size range of 14~16 in May and 0.1 gC/m2 in the size range of 12~25 in June.

Abstract:Based on the four cruises carried out from July 2006 to October 2007 in the northern Yellow Sea(NYS), the water masses in four seasons in the NYS were classified, and the chemical properties in different water masses were discussed according to the temperature and salinity data. Then the nutriment structure in every season in NYS were analyzed. The results showed that the northern Yellow Sea water can be classified into 4,7,5,5 water masses each season；Coastal water in southern Liaoning (Ys1) and Yellow Sea water masses were present all year round; Yalu River freshwater and the Yellow Sea cold water mass（YC）disappeared in winter; Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea mixed water mass disappeared in autumn; Other water masses were seasonally presented. In the duration of the YC, its internal concentration of nutriment was at a high level, especially in fall, with PO4-P up to 0.9 μmol /L.

Abstract:The embryo development duration and characteristics of Hexagrammos otakii were studied, with each development stage being taken microphotography. The egg of H. otakii was demersal, telolecithal，spherical with diameter of 1.62～2.32 mm. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on embryonic development of H. otakii. With the increasing incubation temperature in an appropriate range, the incubation duration reduced; The incubation rate increased to the maximum of 79% at 16℃, and then decreased. The deformity rate decreased to the minimum of 6% at 16℃ and then increased. Fertilized eggs hatch in about 20d under the conditions of 16℃, 31 salinity, pH=8.0 and 600～1 000 lx light intensity.

Abstract:To study the effect of high temperature stress on the early development of turbot Scophthalmus maximus, the thermal tolerance of five early developmental stages of S.maximus was studied. The hatching stage embryo, yolk-sac larvae (0 days post hatching,0 dph ), preflexion larvae (10 dph), flexion larvae (25 dph) and juvenile (50 dph) of turbot were subjected to various temperatures from 22～33℃ for 2-hour heat shock, and then transferred to seawater at initial temperature (17.5℃) for 60～84 h. The mortality, larvae hatching rate and abnormal rate were recorded continuously. The results showed the sub-lethal temperature of early developmental stages of turbot were 24℃, 23℃, ＜22℃, 28℃, 28℃, respectively; the 50% mortality (LT50) temperature were 26℃, 28℃, 22℃, 29℃ and 29℃, respectively; and lethal temperature were 30℃, 29℃, 27℃, 30℃ and 30℃, respectively. Based on the experimental mortalities of turbot by heat shock after 24 h and 48 h, the order of thermal tolerance of turbot at five stages was 10 dph＜embryo＜0 dph＜25 dph＜50 dph. These results indicated that the thermal tolerance of turbot increased with the development and growth during the first 50 dph. The stage of 10 dph, the swim bladder developing stage, is the low-ebb period of thermal tolerance, and the larvae are sensitive to temperature heat shock at this stage.

Abstract:A repeat-enriched genomic library was constructed from southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in order to evaluate the level of genetic diversity and population structure. In the first batch, 45 positive clones were successfully sequenced and 43 sequences were found to contain repeat motifs. According to Weber(1990) classification rules, the sequences were divided into three categories: 26 perfect repeat sequences without interruptions in the runs of CA or GA dinucleotides (60.5%), 14 imperfect repeat sequences with one or more interruptions in the run of repeats (32.6%), and 3 compound repeat sequences with adjacent tandem simple repeats of a different sequence (6.9%). Fourteen pairs of microsatellite primers were selected and used to analyze the polymorphism and genetic structure of the wild and cultured population of southern flounder from America. The results were shown as follows: two loci were monomorphic, and 12 loci were polymorphic, in which 7 loci showed high polymorphic levels judged by PIC value (PIC>0.5).The averages of observed and expected heterozygosities of the 12 polymorphic loci were 0.36 and 0.57, respectively. In addition, a total of 90 alleles (50 effective alleles) were detected at 12 loci in total samples. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analysis showed that 9 loci deviated from genetic equilibrium to different extent in the two populations and heterozygote deficiency occurred in total samples (Fis>0). The level of genetic diversity in the wild population was significantly higher than that of the cultured population, and the genetic distance between two populations was 0.111 5, which indicated that the genetic differentiation between two populations was quiet weak. Twelve polymorphic microsatellites were identified in this study, and these microsatellite loci would be usful to analyze genetic diversity, and protect germ plasm resource of southern flounder.

Abstract:In mammals, Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1) is a signaling adaptor for TLR3 and TLR4 that activates the transcription factors IRF-3, NF-κB, and AP-1, leading to the induction of type I interferon and cytokines. TICAM is also identified in some fish species, however, the gene expression profiling of TICAM is largely unknown in teleosts. Because bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus spp. and Edwardsiella tarda and viruses such as channel catfish virus cause a multisystemic disease responsible for severe losses in channel catfish aquaculture in China. In this study, gene expression profiling of TICAM in different immune tissues(liver, headkidney, spleen，and intestine) after infection with these pathogens assayed by quantitative RT-PCR was described. After infection with A. hydrophila, TICAM was up-regulated approximately 2.3-fold at 24 h in liver and 1.9-fold at 12 h in spleen, while expression of this gene was down-regulated in headkidney and intestine, with the lowest expression as 0.15-fold at 48 h in headkidney, 0.53-fold at 24 h in intestine, respectively. TICAM was up-regulated drastically in liver, spleen, headkidney and intestine after infection with Streptococcus spp. It reached the highest level with 23-fold in liver at 7 d post infection, and it increased about 10 times in headkidney and spleen after infection. The expression of TICAM increased in all tested tissues after infection with E.tarda, especially it was up regulated to the highest （23.1-fold) at 7d in spleen. After infection with channel catfish virus, the gene TICAM expression was up-regulated in liver, headkidney and intestine moderately, with the highest expression of 3.7-fold in liver at 72 h, 2.8-fold in headkidney at 7 d, 1.5-fold at 24 h in intestine. However, it was down-regulated in spleen,and its lowest expression was 0.13-fold at 24 h. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the TICAM gene may play crucial roles in innate immunity in channel catfish.

Abstract:The effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with meal made from Antarctic krill Euphausia superba as protein source in the diets for turbot Scophthalmus maximus on growth, non-specific immunity and fluoride retention were studied. Four experimental diets were prepared using an FM diet as the control. The other diets included Antarctic krill where 20%, 40% or 60% of the dietary FM protein was replaced by the protein from Antarctic krill. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Four diets were fed to groups of turbot(37.36±2.12 g) for 8 weeks. Experimental results showed that in fish fed diets containing Antarctic krill, survival, specific growth rate (SGR), alkaline phosphatase(AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LZM) and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)were significantly different compared with fish fed the control diet(P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of each experimental group has significant difference (P<0.05), and the protein digestibility rate of 3(40) group and 4(60) group had significant difference with the control group (P<0.05). The fluoride retention in muscles of each experimental group has no significant difference (P>0.05), but in bones, each experimental group has significant difference (P<0.05).

Abstract:pYD1 was selected to make a vaccine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae pair as the live carrier. One pair of primers was designed according to the gene encoding white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of VP28. VP28 gene was obtained by using PCR method. Fragment of VP28 was ligated into pYD1 and then transformed with E.coli TOP10. The construct was propagated in E. coli TOP10 and then was transformed into the yeast strain EBY100. The display of VP28 protein on the yeast surface was confirmed by fluorescent staining with antibody analysis. The results showed that VP28 was displayed on yeast surface. The infection test indicated that the yeast cells displaying VP28 was safe to Procambarus clarkii. This work is helpful for further research on the immunological effect of the live vaccine.

Abstract:In order to develop feeds that can improve the nutrient absorption and health of sea cucumber, and reduce the incidence of disease, a kind of fermented feed was developed. Ratio of raw materials was 40∶18∶20∶7∶15 (kelp powder∶scallop skirt powder∶soybean meal∶shrimp meal∶sargassum powder). The processing procedure was as follows: the raw materials were mixed according to the ratio, fully immersed and ground, then 0.25%~0.5% of yeast products were added and the mixture was fermented for 72 h. The result of SDS-PAGE showed that high molecular weight protein was degraded into small molecular weight polypeptide during fermentation. During the 50-day feeding trial, the sea cucumber was fed with fermented feed and regular feed (unfermented) respectively. The feeding ratio was 3% of body weight. The result showed that the growth of sea cucumber fed with the fermented feed was significantly better than the regular feed after 50 days feeding trial. It is clear that the fermented feed is better than the regular feed and it can much better meet the need of health and rapid growth of sea cucumber, thus has good market potential.

Abstract:A microsatellite enriched library of P. trituberculatu was constructed following the FIASCO method. Seventy-one pairs of primers were designed according to the sequences containing microsatellite motifs. Twenty-one loci were polymorphic after the evaluation of 71 loci based on genetic diversity analysis of a wild population comprising of 30 individuals for. A total of 188 alleles were obtained with an average of 8.9 alleles per locus. The number of alleles per locus amplified was significantly different, ranging from 3 to 13. The number of alleles obtained for the loci Pot8, Pot37, Pot48, Pot53, Pot54, Pot66 was 11,12,12,11,13 and 11, respectively， and Pot46 got only three alleles. Allele size distribution was in the range of 131 ~ 312bp, which is basically in line with the design theory of primer product length. Twenty-one microsatellite loci of expected heterozygosity were in the range of 0.659 ~ 0.889, and PIC values were higher than 0.5. The results indicated that they have a high heterozygosity, which can be used for P. trituberculatus population genetic structure, species breeding, and germ-line assessment of microsatellite DNA.

Abstract:Accumulation and transmission of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Cd) in Chlorella-Ruditapes philippinarum food chain was simulated under controlled conditions, and bioconcentration factors (BCF) of Cu, Pb, and Cd in Chlorella and R. philippinarum and biomagnification factors (BMF) of Cu, Pb,and Cd in Chlorella-R. philippinarum food chain were determined. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in Chlorella and R. philippinarum increased with their concentrations in seawater. The BCFs of Cu, Pb,and Cd in Chlorella varied from 1 626 to 3 161, 3 295 to 7 799, and 5 438 to 9 313, respectively. The BCFs of Cu, Pb,and Cd in R. philippinarum varied from 364 to 821, 1 089 to 1 936, and 245 to736, respectively. The BMFs of Cu, Pb,and Cd in the Chlorella-R. philippinarum food chain varied from 0.22 to 0.26, 0.25 to 0.46, and 0.03 to 0.14, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, the BCFs of Cu, Pb, and Cd by Chlorella were much larger than by R. philippinarum and the BMF showed that there was no obvious biomagnification effect in Chlorella-R. philippinarum food chain.

Abstract:ipunculus nudus Linnaeus at an average body weight of 39.20±0.24 mg were divided into 9 groups with triplicates and 500 larvae in each replicate to investigate the effects of dietary protein level on growth performance and body composition of juvenile peanut worm, S. nudus, by feeding diets with 9 protein levels (25.21%, 29.87%, 35.03%, 40.67%, 45.47%, 50.12%, 55.29%, 60.38%,and 64.85%) for 8 weeks. The results showed that protein level significantly affected growth performance of S. nudus larvae (P<0.05). With the increasing dietary protein level, the weight growth ratio (WGR) and specific growth ratio (SGR) firstly increased and then decreased, and when the dietary protein level was 45.47%, both WGR and SGR produced the maximum value. The regression model analysis showed the best dietary protein level was 46.79%,at which the best WGR was acquired. The results of body composition analysis showed that dietary protein level had significant effects on body protein content (P<0.05), which increased with the increasing doses of dietary protein. S. nudus fed with 64.85% protein produced the highest body protein content, and was significantly different from the groups with other protein levels (P<0.05). There was a downward trend in body lipid content, and when the dietary protein level was 64.85%, the body lipid content was significantly lower than that in groups with 25.21%, 29.87%, 35.03% and 40.67% protein (P<0.05). The dietary protein level had no significant effects on body ash content (P>0.05). Based on comprehensive analysis of WGR, it was concluded that the suitable dietary protein level for S. nudus larvae should be 46.79%.

Abstract:The quality of seawater in Porphyra yezoensis culturing area in the Jiaozhou Bay wetland was surveyed and studied. Experimental study on the uptake effectiveness of nutritional elements such as nitrogen and phosphorous by P. yezoensis was carried out．According to the surveyed and experimental results，the bioremediation effects of P. yezoensis on eutrophic seawater was analyzed comprehensively．The results showed that there was an obvious reducing effect on the residual nutriments in seawater of the Jiaozhou Bay wetland by cultivating P. yezoensis.The contents of nitrogen，phosphorous and organic carbon as well as eutrophication index(EI) in culturing area were all lower than those in the control area．Under experimental conditions, P. yezoensis showed significant effectiveness on the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as reduction of eutrophication level．The decrease of content of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) was 17.15%-21.26% at the various experimental cycles and that of dissolved inorganic phosphorous(DIP) was 55.73%-61.12%，indicating that the uptake amount of DIP by P. yezoensis leafy thalli growth was obviously higher than that of DIN．In addition，the eutrophication level of water decreased from medium eutrophic with EI of 2.211-2.592 to oligotrophic with EI of 0.749-0.873 and the decrease rate of EI was 63.32%-69.39%．According to the natural environmental conditions of Jiaozhou Bay wetland,by cultivating seaweeds on a large-scale，the nutritional elements such as nitrogen，phosphorous and carbon can be removed in quantity and meanwhile the eutrophication level of seawater can be reduced efficiently．

Abstract:Effects of different enrichment material on the free amino acid in Artemia nauplii was studied. There were 4 groups, including lysine group, Schizochytrium group, lysine plus Schizochytrium group and control group. The experiment lasted 16 hours, and was sampled every 4 hours. The results showed that the content of free lysine in Artemia nauplii in lysine group was significantly higher than the other groups and 4 times higher than 0h at the end of the experiment. And the content of lysine in Schizochytrium group was the lowest. Except Thr, the content of other free essential amino acids and Asp, Ser, Gly, Tyr in lysine group were significantly higher than other groups. The content of Thr, Ser, Gly, Ala, His and Pro of lysine plus Schizochytrium group decreased as the time prolonged. But in other groups, the content of FAA all increased except Thr. The variation trends of the FAA level in the control group was similar to the lysine plus Schizochytrium group: except Thr, the content of FAA increased at the first 4 h, declined at 8 h, and increased at 12 h. But in lysine group and Schizochytrium group, the content of these FAA in Artemia nauplii increased during the first 8 h, declined at 12 h,and then increased at 16 h.

Abstract:The mature receptacles of Sargassum thunbergii were used as materials in this experiment. The effects of temperature(13~23℃), illumination (3 000~12 000lx) and photoperiod (15 L∶9 D, 12 L∶12 D, and 9 L∶16 D) on egg releasing and young sporophyte growth of S. thunbergii were investigated.It was found that it is conducive to releasing eggs at 20~23℃. Between 3 000~12 000lx, higher illumination was more favorable for releasing eggs. Photoperiod was not the main factor of affecting the egg releasing speed. Illumination was an important but not a key factor for the growth of S. thunbergii young sporophyte. Temperature was a key factor for the growth of young sporophyte. Temperature below 16 ℃ was not conducive to the growth of young sporophyte.

Abstract:The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 86 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) on Aeromonas hydrophila were examined in vitro by the microdilution method. Then the optimum mixtures of CHMs which can inhibit the A. hydrophila were found through orthogonal test design. The result showed that Galla chinensis, Fructus schisandrae and Fructus mume had the strongest inhibitory effect on A. hydrophila,with the MIC and MBC as 12.5 mg/ml. In conclusion, G. chinensis, F. schisandrae and F. mume were the better drugs that can cure the disease caused by the A. hydrophila in aquatic animals. The results of orthogonal tests showed that the mixture of Acacia catechu, G. chinensis, F. schisandrae and F. mume with the proportion of 4∶2∶4∶1 and 1∶2∶2∶4 had the best MIC and MBC on A. hydrophila.

Abstract:Problems exist in Prophyra haitanensis first processing, including lots of holes in product, unevenly thickened slides, poor luster,and inconsistent product quality. In our research, technical parameters of P.haitanensis processing were optimized, and the corresponding processing equipments were improved, mainly involving softening, rinsing, cleaning, cutting, making cake and drying. In terms of increasing thick of P. haitanensis in different harvest time, the key processing parameters were optimized in the second processing, including the first baking, flavoring, the second baking, drying, as well as the improvement of processing equipment. By improving the first and the second processing equipments and the technological optimization, the P. haitanensis slice products reached the international quality standard, with size of 19 cm×21 cm, weight of 2.7~3.3g, and thickness of 0.3~0.5 mm, and the product was smooth with better luster, less holes,and better flavor. During the second processing, a series of seaweed products with more nutrition were made. Their specifications were 1.5~7.5 g, and the protein was 37.0 g per 100 g, ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was 7.0 g per 1kg, vitamin C was 49 mg per 100 g. Instant seaweed products were made by high-precision techniques in the present study, and they were exported to Southeast Asian countries.

Abstract:Fish scale type I collagen was extracted through low temperature enzymolysis from Tilapia mossambica, and after being crosslinked with chitosan, hemostatic sponge was generated via freeze-drying. Through single factor comparative tests and orthogonal tests, the optimum preparation technique was obtained as follows: mixing of collagen with chitosan according to a given volume ratio 7∶3, maintaining total concentration of preparation mixture at 1.4%, and keeping dosage of cross-linking agent at 0.015%. Under this condition, the generated hemostatic sponge possessed excellent properties, such as density (22.95 mg/cm3), water absorption (45.34), water retention (55.83%), breathability (46.36%), and hemostatic time (68.0 s). A faveolate vesicular structure, which contributed to preferable properties, was clearly observed with SEM.