Abstract:A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding stimulants in the diets containing soybean meal on feed intake and growth of Sebastes schlegeli. Six isonitrogenous( 50.4% crude protein) and isocaloric(20.6 kJ/g) diets were formulated. The control diet(FM) contained 70% fish meal as the sole protein source. In the other five diets(SBM), 30% fish meal protein was replaced by soybean meal protein ,which upplemented without feeding stimulants or with 0.3% commercial feeding attractant , dimethyl-β-propiothetin (DMPT), betaine, citric acid respectively. The experiment was conducted in triplicates in 100-l indoor flow-through conical tanks at 20±1℃ and 32‰ salinity. The fish with initial body weight(49.83±0.17g) were fed to apparent satiation twice daily(08∶00,16∶00).At the end of the feeding trial, the survival rate were not significantly different among dietary treatments (P>0.05).The fish fed SBM without supplemental feeding stimulants exhibited significantly lower feed intake (FI, P<0.05) than the fish fed FM . However，the FI of fish fed SBM diets with DMPT, betaine and citric acid were not significantly different from that in control(P>0.05). The specific growth rate(SGR), feed efficiency ratio(FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SBM with betaine and citric acid were significantly higher than that in group of SBM diets without feeding stimulants(P<0.05). The fish fed SBM diets showed significantly lower hepatosomatic index than the fish fed FM diets. The whole body moisture, protein, lipid and energy were not significantly affected by the feeding stimulants (P>0.05).The ash in fed SBM diets with commercial attractant and betaine were significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05).The fish fed SBM diets with betaine and citric acid showed significantly higher activities of trypsin in liver and intestine than the fish fed SBM diets without supplemental feeding stimulants (P<0.05).The results indicate that 0.3% betaine or citric acid added to the SBM diet( SBM protein replace 30% FM protein) can improve feed intake and growth response of Sebastes schlegeli.

Abstract:Effects of starvation on growth and survival in early life stage of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatuswere studied. The results showed that PNR of newly hatched larvae appeared at 6～7 d, 6～7 d and 4～4.5 d respectively at temperatures of 18 ℃, 22 ℃ and 26 ℃. The first feeding time was delayed at low temperatures, for example, the larvae opened mouth on 4 d at 18 ℃ whereas mouth opened on 3 d at both 22 ℃ and 26 ℃.The first feeding rate reached the highest value (73.3%) at 22 ℃ but was lower at 18 ℃ and 26 ℃. Temperature had significant effects on the survival of the larvae and juveniles. When temperature was 18 ℃ and 22 ℃, half mortality time of early larvae appeared at 4～5 d while it was 2.5 d for 13 d old larvae and 1.5～2 d for 24 d old juveniles. The half mortality time of 45 d larvae was 6 d at 22 ℃ and 26 ℃. These results indicated that the capability of fish to tolerate starvation and temperature was enhanced with growth. Growth was delayed significantly (P＜0.05) by starvation; the fish in the experiment showed slow growth in total length and even negative growth in body weight. For example, the 30 d old juvenile fish lost 50% of body weight after starvation compared to the beginning, and the ratio was 10% for 45 d old juvenile. In conclusion, the results suggested that the 13 d old larvae were most sensitive to starvation and environmental changes.

Abstract:Ultra structure of the spermatozoon of Platichthys stellatus was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoon of P. stellatus consisted of a head, a midpiece and a tail. The head was spherical in shape, of which the main structure was the nucleus. It had no acrosome but had an implantation fossa at its caudal end. The implantation fossa was shallow, with the depth of 1/4 of the nucleus diameter. The nucleus consisted of electron dense chromatin materials, with a head pit and nuclear vacuole whose chromatin was free. The midpiece consisted of the centriolar complex and the sleeve. The proximal centriole and the basal body were arranged at an orthogonal, and in “T” structure, while the basal body was parallelled to the spermatozoon. The sleeve was very shallow, and the deepest point was just 1/3 to the mitochondrion. There were many ellipse vesicles in the sleeve outside mitochondrion. The main structure of the tail was axoneme, which was slim and long. The structure of the tail was of the typical “9+2” model. The flagella were thick, and there were two rows of lateral fins on the flagellum, but the fin was not asymmetrical. There were many different sizes of ellipse vesicles in the flagella cytoplasm, which were of asymmetry. The structure of the flagellum was accommodated for the spermatozoon move.

Abstract:Experiments were done to investigate the effect of low salinity stress on the digestive enzymes, anti stress enzymes and the survival rate of juvenile Epinephelus malabaricus. The larvae were reared in seawater and the salinity was reduced from 28.23 to 22.56, 17.57, 12.67 and 7.71 succesively in every three days. The digestive enzymes, anti stress enzymes and the survival status were determined. The results showed that the protease and amylase activities in both stomach and intestines of the fish reduced significantly with the decrease of the salinity (P<0.05). The activity of SOD increased, while CAT and GSH-Px in liver, muscle and kidney declined with the decrease of the salinity. In addition, mortality appeared when salinity was 12.67, and all the juvenile fish died within 12 hours when the salinity was 7.71. Hence, the digestive enzymes and anti stress system of juvenileE. malabaricus were affected seriously by low salinity stress and would ultimately affect the healthy growth of juvenile fish.

Abstract:he 5×3 two factor random animal experiment was conducted for 108 days to determine the effects of protein levels and satiation degrees on growth performance and immunity activity of juvenile Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther (with average initial weight of 110±25g) in the industrial culture condition with closed recirculation seawater. The trial fish were randomly allocated into 15 triplicated treatments,with five diets at protein levels of 43%，46%，49%，52%，56%(A E groups）and three satiation degrees of feeding（100%，90% and 80%, asⅠ和Ⅱ and Ⅲdegree）. The results indicated that: (1)the best weight gain were found in both the highest protein level and the highest satiation degree. Weight gain ratio in group E was significantly higher than the other groups (13.75%-50.16%),and that of degree Ⅰ was significant higher than degree Ⅱand Ⅲ (7.57% and 14.08%), respectively; higher protein efficiency ratio and the minimum mortality appeared in the intermediate protein level , mortality ratio of group C was lower than the others (50%-75%) the highest feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were present in the lowest satiation degree,for which degree Ⅲ was higher than the others (4.78% and 5.32%), respectively .(2) the intermediate protein level and the highest satiation degree were stimulative to enhancing SOD activity, group C was significantly higher than the other groups (4.2%-34.79%) degreeⅠwas significant higher than degree Ⅱ and Ⅲ (15.27% and 25.70%),respectively; the intermediate protein level and 90% satiation were good for promoting LZM activity, group C was significant higher than the other groups (4.61%-18.07%), degree Ⅱ was significant higher than degree Ⅰ and Ⅲ (12.03% and 4.58%), respectively; the intermediate and higher protein level and the highest satiation degree were stimulative to enhancing complement C3，C4 activity; (3) the protein level of feed for maximum growth of juvenile C. semilaevis Günther in the industrial culture condition was 56%, but for optimal immunity activity and protein efficiency ratio was 49%-52%.

Abstract:A 901 bp fragment of tropomyosin gene (TPMS) was cloned from muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei using primers designed on the basis of homologous genes of other shrimps. A complete open reading frame of 852 bp coding a 32.8 kDa protein was found in the fragment. Results of RT-PCR indicated that the gene expressed in all examined tissues including heart, hepatopancreas, stomach, gills, intestine and muscle with different expressing levels. The strongest signal was found in muscle and the weakest signal was in gills. TPMS was sub cloned into pET 30a and expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3). After induction of IPTG, a 38.2 kDa protein was largely expressed and formed inclusion bodies. Five hours inducing period and 0.05 mmol/L IPTG were the best conditions for recombinant expression. Recombinant expressed TPMS could be purified with His Bind Resin and the purity was higher than 90%.

Abstract:In this study, a pair of primers was designed by primer design software 50 according to the sequence of vp28 gene of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in GenBank. The vp28 DNA fragment was amplified by PCR and cloned into Escherichia coli (E.coli) expression vector pBAD/gⅢA successfully. The pBAD/gⅢA VP28 was then transformed into E.coli．After L arabinose induction at 37℃，the fusion protein with 31 kDa was expressed，which was confirmed by SDS PAGE and Western blot analysis. Binding assay by fluorescence microscopy in vitro showed that VP28 was capable of binding to shrimp hemocytes. Results confirmed that the recombinant vector pBAD/gⅢA VP28 can express vp28 gene of WSSV and the VP28 had high antigenic activity.

Abstract:Phytoplankton community structure were studied based on the data of netz phytoplankton by a 32 station grid survey, which was carried out in the spawning ground of the East China Sea and its adjacent waters from 4th to 18th May 2000. Three phyla including 33 genera and 90 species (not including unidentified taxa) were found in the survey area. The major phytoplankton group was Bacillariophyta, but the Dinophyta and Cyanophyta are also significant at some stations. The dominant species were Skeletonema costatum, Coscinodiscus jonesianus, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Ceratium tripos, Trichodesmium thiebautii, Noctiluca scientillans and Ditylum brightwellii. The horizontal patterns of phytoplankton cell abundance were mainly dominated by diatoms and dinoflagellates. Abundance of diatom and total phytoplankton was high in the northwestern part of the surveyed area, and abundance of dinoflagellates was high in the central and northern part of the surveyed area. The species richness was high in the eastern and southern spawning ground, and the Shannon Wiener index and the evenness of phytoplankton were relatively high in the central and eastern spawning ground.

Abstract:Genetic diversity among four selective offspring stocks obtained by mating among three basic populations of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. Results showed that the allele number (A) was 3-10, average allele number was 5.7, effective allele number (Ae) was 1.357 1-4.597 9, average effective allele number was 2.983 2, average observed heterozygosity (Ho) of each locus was 0.208 3-1.000 0, average expected heterozygosity (He) of each locus was 0.208 1-0.795 6, average polymorphism information content (PIC)of each locus was 0.167 1-0.7501, and polymorphism information content of JRS, RRS, RYS and JJS followed a decreasing order. Moderate and high genetic diversity was found in JJS and the other three stocks, and X2 test revealed that there was no significant difference in average observed heterozygosity of the four selective offspring stocks. Genetic distance between JJS and RRS or RYS was comparatively higher than that between RRS and RYS. The genetic distance among the four stocks was used to construct NJ dendrogram via MEGA software. RRS and RYS were within one branch, and JJS and JRS within another branch. Genetic deviation index indicated a difference among stocks. These results indicated that these microsatellite loci selected were very sensitive and could be used in further selective and genetic breeding studies of Japanese flounder.

Abstract:Analysis of correlation between catch distribution of chub mackerel Scomber japonicusand Japanese scad Decapterus maruadsi,and marine environment in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea was done by means of geographical information system and statistical methods,in order to understand the tempo spatial distribution of chub mackerel and Japanese scad in relation to marine environment parameters such as sea surface temperature and salinity from July to November in 2000~2004.The results indicated that high yields (greater than 2 000 tonnages) were mainly obtained between 122~125°E,26~28°N,and 123~125°E,32~38°N,and the catches were larger in the northern fishing ground than those in the southern fishing ground.Moreover,fishing seasons were different in the two fishing grounds.Peak yields occurred in October in the northern fishing ground,while it was August and September in the southern fishing ground,and total catch of the former was 227% more than that in the southern fishing ground.The suitable water temperature and salinity for chub mackerel and Japanese scad were 95~295 ℃ and 309~344,respectively,and the optimum water temperature and salinity were 285~295 ℃ and 32.8-34.2,respectively.Reliability of the result was examined by K-S test.

Abstract:According to the results of macrobenthos survey,the inter annual variation of macrobenthic species composition,biomass,density,community diversity and structure are discussed with parameters including Y，C，d，H′，J， by using the method of cluster analysis.The result showed that,in 2003,2004 and 2005,the numbers of benthic species were 21,17 and 16,the biomass were 426g/m2,062g/m2 and 218 g/m2，and the average inhabit densities were 3110 ind/m2,1250 ind/m2 and 1100 ind/m2,respectively.The result indicated that benthic species numbers,biomass,inhabit densities,and diversity indexes were all reducing year by year,while the purity index increased accordingly.Cluster analysis revealed that the results of three surveys in February,May and August,2003 were in one cluster,while the results of 6 surveys in 2004~2005 were in one cluster.This may indicate that the ecological changes between 2003 and 2004~2005 were obvious,and the ecological changes of macrobenthos were affected by the construction of Yangshan deepwater port.

Abstract:The ingestion rates of Ruditapes philippinarum fed with Isochrysis galbana3011 under simulated conditions were studied. Moreover, investigation of the relationship between feed ingestion and temperature (12 ℃、20 ℃ and 24 ℃), shell length and algae concentration was carried out, and some mathematic models about the factors were set up. It was found that the ingestion rate was positively correlated with the algae concentration, and the ingestion rate of Ruditapes philippinarum correlated with them by the allometric equations. The impact of temperature, shell length and algae concentration on ingestion rate could be described by the following model: IR=21.2LnT+20.06LnL 7.10LnC-97.95, and analysis of covariance showed that the coefficient of correlation of the model was significant (P<0.01)

Abstract:ertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the genetic variation of isozyme of Portunus trituberbuculatus. Four wild geographic populations distributed in the Yalujiangkou(YL), Laizhou Bay(LZ), Zhoushan(ZS) and Haizhou Bay(HZ) (48 individuals each )were surveyed. Of 22 loci encoding 11 enzymes, three were polymorphic. The results showed that: (1)the mean proportion of polymorphic loci(P099) of YL, LZ, ZS and HZ were 13.6%, 13.6%, 13.6% and 13.6%, respectively ; (2) there were no significant differences in biochemical genetic characteristics of the P. trituberbuculatusamong four wild geographic populations. The genetic divergences (Dnei) among the four wild geographic populations ranged from 0.00054 to 0.00170, which were lower than that between subspecies; (3) dendrogram constructed based on the genetic distances among the four populations showed that there were two different groups: one being composed of YL and LZ and the other of ZS and HZ.

Abstract:The preparation, regeneration and UV mutagenesis of protoplasts of strain S-12-86, which had high lysozyme producing activity, were studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions of the preparation and regeneration of protoplast were as follows: incubation time of the strain S 12 86 was 18 h, concentrations of lysozyme was 1.0 mg/ml, and time of enzymolysis was 30 min at 35 ℃. The rates of formation and regeneration of protoplast under the optimal conditions were 97.6% and 23.6%, respectively. The optimal condition for mutagenesis of protoplasts was achieved when the protoplasts of strain S-12-86 were irradiated by a 30 w UV lamp at an 80 cm distance for 120 s. After being selected from a large amount of the regenerative mutants, a genetically stable mutant strain R-J-101, of which enzyme activity was 40% higher than that of the original strain S-12-86, was obtained under specific mutation conditions.

Abstract:Genetic variation between wild populations of Pinctada maxima from Sanya and Beihai was assessed by microsatellite DNA. The result showed that average number of alleles (A) was 10.50 and 9.67, and average number of effective alleles (Ne) was 7.01 and 6.33, respectively. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.588 and 0.445, and the expected average heterozygosity (He) was 0859 and 0828, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.853 and 0.796, respectively. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium analysis revealed that these two populations showed some genetic disequilibria at the most loci except the loci of Pmx+022, Pmx16_41 and Pmx16_23 in Sanya population.

Abstract:The planulae were obtained with the method of artificial reproduction, using medusa Rhopilema hipidum broodstock caught in Beibu Bay. The developmental stages of, R. hipidum from planula, scyphistoma, strobila and ephyra to young medusa were observed in laboratory condition. The life history of R. hipidum was reported for the first time, and the comparison of morphological characteristics among some scyphistomae were carried out.

Abstract:The high qualityPorphyra haitanensis strain (Q-1) and the control were obtained from hybridization breeding and farmed, respectively. Growth, thickness, the four kinds of pigments, crude protein and amino acids of the thalli, and development of the conchocelis were studied. The results indicated that: (1) F2 and F3 thalli of (Q-1) grew fast and were not easily to become mature. The average daily length increase of F3 thalli that were 3 to 4 cm long reached 8.33±1.01 cm after being cultured for 10 to 15 days, which was 1.4 times higher than the male broodstock and 2.7 times higher than the female broodstock; (2) The thickness of F3 thalli was 21.0±1.5 μm and 25.6±1.9 μm at the first harvest and the second, respectively, which was 52% or 56% of the control. The daily length, width and weight increase of F2 thalli were 2.1, 2.4 and 2.2 times higher than the control after the first harvest; (3) The total phycobiliprotein of F2 thalli was 109.52±0.94 mg/g, which was 1.6 times higher than the control; and the crude protein reached 41.71±0.11 mg/g which was 27% higher than the control. The chlorophyll a of F3 thalli reached 7.66±0.19 mg/g at the first harvest which was 13% higher than the control; (4) The delicious and sweet amino acids of the flavor AA was 2.49 g/100g, which was 1.8 times higher than the control. The essential amino acids were 15.66 g/100g which was 13% higher than the control; (5) 90% conchocelis of (Q 1) or the control developed into sporangial branchlets cultured for 30 or 40 days at 29 ℃. The research may lay a foundation for the selection of high quality P.haitanensis strain with improved economic benefit.

Abstract:The specific spoilage organisms (SSO) in cultured tilapia at the end of shelf life during storage at 0, 5 and 10 ℃ were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated, and the growth model of SSO was established. The results indicated that the percentage of Pseudomonas spp. in total bacteria in the tilapia were 807%，681% and 575% at the end of shelf life of tilapia stored at 0, 5 and 10 ℃, respectively. Colonies of Pseudomonas spp. on nutrition agar and trypticase soy broth agar were circular apophysis with smooth edge, transparent and colourless; The cells were gram negative rod (0.5-0.7 μm×1.6-3.2 μm) and motile by means of polar flagellum; Positive for oxidation，but the strains could not assimilated trehalose, mannitol and raffinose, etc. A variety of acids were detected in these organisms, including branched and straight chained acids, cyclopropane, and hydroxy acids. Unsaturated fatty acids comprised a large part of all fatty acids (50.18%), and the major ones were 16∶1ω7c, iso 15∶0, 16∶0 and 17∶1ω8c, which were 26.16%, 14.83%, 7.96% and 3.94% of total fatty acids, respectively. The type of ribosome of these bacteria was 56-S-7, as tested by Riboprinter. The growth dynamic for Pseudomonas spp. was fitted by modified Gompertz equation. The results showed that lag time reached（59.63±61.88）, (7.25±24.06) and （3.95±9.83）h during storage at 0, 5 and 10 ℃, respectively. The maximum specific growth rates for Pseudomonas spp. were （0.02±000）h-1, （0.04±0.00）h-1 and （0.08±0.01）h-1 at 0, 5 and 10 ℃, respectively. 

Abstract:Cynoglossus semilaevis Günter, a deep water flat fish species, is a popular marine species in aquaculture with high market value and a good taste.Although techniques of large scale artificial breeding have made significant break through in recent years, which resulted in a successful seedling breeding of C. semilaevis, C. semilaevis culture was not successful due to a difficulty in feeding with pelleted diets under industrial conditions. To solve the problems, study of the sensory mechanisms of the tongue sole in feeding is of special significance. The feeding mechanisms of C. semilaevis were reported in this paper according to the late research. The author suppose that C. semilaevis has two possible feeding modes. For motile prey, fish use mainly lateral line and gustation in the oropharyngeal cavity for the detection and recognition of prey, and for still prey, olfactory organ and papillae on the abocular side of the head for the detection and recognition of prey. Based on these studies，the author confer that both stimulating the chemistry sense organ and stimulating the mechanism sense organ should be considered to improve the feeding.

Abstract:Pectenotoxins are a group of lipophilic toxins produced by dinoflagellates. There are 14 pectenotoxin analogues which have been confirmed. The profiles and the concentration of pectenotoxins are different in toxic algal and shellfish from different countries. The lethality of pectenotoxins by intra peritoneal injection is higher than by oral administration of mouse. At present, there are no internationally accepted criteria of maximum residue limits of pectenotoxins for shellfish. The total amount of pectenotoxins can be tested by mouse bioassay. The concentration levels of individual pectenotoxin can be analyzed by HPLC MS methods. The enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay(ELISA) method for determination of pectenotoxin is under development. In China, few studies on pectenotoxins have been carried out. The studies on profiles and metabolism of pectenotoxins in shellfish are recommended.

Abstract:多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)作为阻燃剂被广泛用于电子电气设备和各种复合材料里。国内外研究证明，PBDEs是一种新型的全球性的环境污染物，会对生物肝脏、肾脏和神经系统的发育造成毒害，同时干扰甲状腺的内分泌,也会诱导有机体突变或致癌。检测结果显示，全球海洋环境中PBDEs污染是普遍的。本文概述了多溴联苯醚的特性及其对海洋污染状况，提出了遏制多溴联苯醚对海洋污染的应对措施。