Abstract:The bacteriostatic effect of 24 kinds of Chinese herbs and 9 kinds of herb compounds were determined in vitro by improved microdilution procedure and the bacteriostatic circle. This work conducted as the herbs were against four kind of causative pathogens (Vibrio splendidus, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Vibrio harveyi, Pseudomonas putida) of skin ulcer syndrome in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. The results illustrated that different herbs showed different susceptivities to given pathogens. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC）was 1.56 mg/ml. Decoctum of H-5 and H-9 had maximal bacteriostatic circles against P. nigrifaciens with 22 mm. Four kinds of Chinese herbs (H-5, H-6, H-9 and H-14 ) had better bacteriostatic effect on the four pathogens, in which the average MIC of the decoctum were 6.25 mg/ml, 7.81 mg/ml, 5.86 mg/ml and 3.52 mg/ml respectively, and the average bacteriostatic circles were 17.5 mm, 11.3 mm, 14.0 mm and 11.5 mm. Nine herbal compounds were composed by 4 herbs, the bacteriostatic effect of 9 compounds enhanced remarkably than single herbs, and the lowest MIC reduced to 0.20 mg/ml. The best compounds were HC-G and HC-D, and the average MIC and bacteriostatic circle were 0.54 mg/ml, 0.64 mg/ml, 15.3 mm and 16.3 mm respectively. According to their bacteriostatic effects, the best ratio of the compounds was determined as H-5∶H-6∶H-9∶H-14=2∶1∶3∶2.

Abstract:The karyotype of Verasper moseri was studied through the chromosome preparations obtained from head kidney by the method of injecting PHA and colchicines. After low permeating and Carnoy’s fixation, air drying method was used to make chromosome samples, which were dyed by Giemsa afterwards.The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of Verasper moseri was 2 n=46 and its karyotype formulae were 2n=46=2 sm+44 t. Namely, there were one pair of submetacentric chromosome and 22 pairs of telocentric chromosome. NF=48.There was no visible evidence of polyploidy chromosome and sex chromosome.

Abstract:Acute toxicity of ten chemicals to sea squirt Ciona intestinalis was tested. Seven of the ten drugs showed no lethal effect on C. intestinalis. These drugs were zinc sulfate (≤3 mg/L), sodium bicarbonate (≤2.5%), tea saponin (≤6.7 ml/L), cypermethrin (≤0.2 ml/L), trichlorfon refined flour (≤4 mg/L), trichlorfon and phoxim mixture (≤3 mg/L) and potassium permanganate (≤5 mg/L).In contrast, copper sulfate (≥1 mg/L), MQL (≥5 mg/L) and garlicin mixture (MQS)(≥15 mg/L) could kill sea squirt in 24 h, and the half lethal concentrations (LC50) of these three chemicals were 0.58 mg/L,3.33 mg/L and 10.80 mg/L, respectively. At the concentration of 1 mg/L, copper sulfate could induce juvenile Apostichopus japonicus to disgorge their intestines in 3 h. Thus, copper sulfate is not suitable for use in culture practice. In addition, MQL and MQS had no toxin effects to juvenile A. japonicus in 96 h at the concentration of 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, MQL and MQS were considered as the effective drugs to kill C. intestinalis in the sea cucumber nursery system, and the dosage of 5 mg/L and 15 mg/L for soaking 24 h were recommended in their application. This method is effective to kill C. intestinalis in sea cucumber hatchery.

Abstract:The karyotype of Platichthys stellatus was prepared for its head kidney by PHA , colchicine injection and air drying method. The karyotype was analyzed. The results showed that the chromosome number of the species was 2n=48, including 46 telocentric chromosomes and 2 sub middle chromosomes and there was no visible evidence of the heterotypical chromosome and satellites. The karyotype formula was 2n=48，2 sm+46 t，NF=50.

Abstract:Turbots Scophthalmus maximus (BW 300~400 g) were kept in experimental tanks with aerated seawater at temperatures of 11～12 ℃. The fish were fed enrofloxacin (EF) medicated feed at a EF dosage of 30 mg/kg BW. per day for 7 consecutive days. Serum, muscle and liver tissues were taken from five turbots at days 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 28, 36, 44, 54, 64, 74, 84, 94 after the last oral administration of EF. The three tissues were tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, the minimum detection limit was 001 μg/ml, average recovery was 75～87% . The results showed that elimination of EF complied with the first order kinetics, and the equations of elimination curve of enrofloxacin in muscle, liver, serum were C=1.560e-0.031 0 t, C=1.147e-0.018 9 t and C=0.920e-0.027 1 t, respectively.The elimination half lives (T1/2elim β) were 22.53, 36.67, 25.57 d, respectively. It is suggested that a withdrawal time of more than 120 d at temperatures of 11～12 ℃ is appropriate for the elimination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in turbot.

Abstract:The study on free amino acid variation in the muscle and hemolymph of itopenaeus vannamei in different salinities revealed that total free amino acids of the hemolymph were 87.58 mg/ml, 569.27 mg/ml, 1 038.68 mg/ml respectively and total free amino acids of the muscle were 2 250.13 mg/100 g, 2 330.42 mg/100 g and 2 548.74 mg/100 g,respectively, when salinity was 0, 15 and 30 . As salinity increased, total free amino acids of the hemolymph of L. vannamei increased significantly (P<0.05). The concentrations of free Gly, Glu, Arg, Ala in the hemolymph ofL. vanamei increased sharply, with increased salinity, in the meanwhile the concentration of free Gly, Glu, Arg, Ala in the muscle of L. vanamei correspondingly increased. However, the increase of concentrations of free Gly, Glu, Arg, Ala in the muscle of L. vanamei was less than those in the hemolymph. Free amino acids Gly, Glu, Arg, Ala played an important role in regulating osmotic pressure.

Abstract:According to the tuna catch database established by Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), which covers the time from 1967 to 2004, the annual and the total catch in each spatial grid of 5°×5° were summarized. In addition, the maps of total catch distribution of the Indian Ocean tuna long-line fishing were plotted using GIS software, and the spatial distribution of tuna were analyzed. The analysis showed that big eye tuna Thunnus obesus, yellow fin tuna T.albacares, albacore T.alalunga and swordfish Xiphias gladius were the main species caught by tuna longline fisheries in the Indian Ocean, which comprised 90% of the total catch weight. Although the catch weight of the four main species in the Indian Ocean showed a trend of increase from 1967 to 2004, the maximum and minimum productions were different. Though the four species distributed widely in the Indian Ocean, their top catch areas were widely different. 

Abstract:In this study, a group of compound heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria was enriched and screened from inshore aquaculture environment. And several influencial factors for their purification ability were investigated. The experiment results showed that, the amount of added bacteria, glucose, temperature, pH and salinity all influenced their pollutant removing rate. When the amount of added combination of bacteria was 3%，time of treatment was 4 days, at temperatures 30±2 ℃, pH 8.1±0.2，salinity of 30±10 g/L and 2 g/L glucose was added, the purification effect was the best, resulting in a removal rate of 79.1% for ammonia, 85.2% for nitrite and 88.7% for COD, respectively. This study provided a theoretical basis for bioremediation of inshore aquaculture environment by compound bacteria.

Abstract:29 sib-families of Fenneropenaeus chinensiswhich were obtained by selective breeding were artificially infected with WSSV.29 samples with the longest survival time composed the WSSV resistant group and 29 samples with the shortest survival time composed WSSV-susceptible group. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was employed to analyze these samples. The results were that 5 distinctive genetic markers with disease resistant trait and 2 distinctive genetic markers with disease susceptible trait were obtained. The genetic diversity of two groups was studied with 15 primers. 82 sites (DNA bands) were revealed, 34 of which were polymorphic, representing a percentage of 41.46%. The proportions of polymorphic amplified fragments of the WSS resistant group and the WSSV susceptible group were 40.24% and 37.8%, respectively. The mean Shannon's index of genetic diversity in two groups was 0.2177. And the Shannon's index of the WSSV resistant group was 0.2190, which was a little higher than that of the WSSV susceptible group’s 0.2163. The average genetic variability of intra polulation（H-POP/H-SP）was 0.964 5, indicating 96.45% of genetic variability was from intra-polulation while 3.55% was from inter-polulation. The genetic differentiation index analyzed with the gene frequency of each site was 0.0294 that indicated no genetic differentiation. 

Abstract:The effect of fermenting procedure on WSSV-VP37 expression and the stability in recombinant pBAD/gIIIA VP37 was studied. The result showed that recombinant VP37 (rVP37) protein was expressed in inclusion body. The temperature and incubation time of fermentation affected the production of rVP37. The best results were attained by incubation for 5h at 37 ℃. The recombinant plasmid had excellent stability in Top10. And the study also showed that transformation of WSSV-VP37 gene had little effect on the growth of host cells.

Abstract:RAPD analysis and genome in situ hybridization (GISH) were applied to research into the genetic variation of the Chlamys farreri ♀ × Patinopecten yessoensis♂hybrid scallop larvae during the four life-history stages (trochophore，D-shaped larvae，umbo-stage larvae and eye-spot larvae)．For RAPD analysis，50 random primers were used and 35 C. farreri specific bands and 28 P. yessoensis specific bands were detected in the broodstock. Different numbers of C. farreri specific bands were found in the hybrid during the four life-history stages, and the numbers were: 21 in trochophore，19 in D-shaped larvae，23 in umbo-stage larvae，and 23 in eye spot larvae. The numbers of theP. yessoensis specific bands found during these stages were 17,16,1 and 1, respectively．Meanwhile，the result of GISH analysis indicated that the hybrid scallop separately inherited one set of chromosomes (n=19) from both C. farreri and P. yessoensis broodstock during both the trochophore stage and the D-shaped larvae stage，while no P. yessoensis germ plasm was founded in the umbo-stage larvae and the eye-spot larvae．It was found that，a big transformation of the genetic composition of the hybrid happened in umbo-stage larvae when most of the paternal germ plasm was lost in the genome of the hybrid scallops．

Abstract:The twelve hybrid families were obtained by broodstock of different shell shapes including “wide”, “middle”, “flat” in October, 2007. The experiment consisted of three hybrid categories (PH=0, HM, MP), and each category was made up of four hybrid families, which included twelve hybrid families altogether. The results showed that the morphology of parents was of significant difference, and the size of D larvae, size at settlement and metamorphosis, and the size of single siphon juveniles were not significantly different. At planktonic stage, the growth and survival of the larvae were different. The size of PH larvae was significantly bigger than HM and MP categories (P＜0.05，n=120）, and the growth rates were (10.21 ± 0.42), (9.96 ± 0.52), (9.29 ± 0.52) μm/d for these categories, respectively. The survival of 9d larvae of the PH category was significantly higher than the HM and MP categories. At the metamorphic stage, the larvae grew slowly. Larvae of the PH, HM and MP categories showed growth rates of (1.72 ± 0.48), (1.93 ± 0.53), (2.08 ± 0.39) μm /d, respectively, which were significantly different. The metamorphosis rates of these categories were (83.20 ± 8.47)%, (6.45 ± 3.06)%and (10.75 ±3.70)%, and the difference was extremely significant. At the nursery stage, juveniles of the PH, HM, MP categories showed significant difference in size and their growth rates were (16.74±3.06), (13.08 ± 2.24) and (15.20 ±2.55) μm/d, respectively. Survival of juveniles was also significantly different between each category, which was (93.25 ± 2.99)%, (90.75 ± 2.22)%and (87.25 ± 4.86)% for PH, HM and MP.

Abstract:Healthy Portunus trituberculatus (averaging body weight 176±21.3g) were used to determine the changes of the immunity enzyme activities in haemolymph, muscle and hepatopancreas tissue after the crabs were injected with 0.9% Nacl solution (Control) and Vibrio alginolyticus. The relative immunity indicators were measured at 0h, 24h, 48h and 72h after the infection. The results showed that: The lysozyme (LSZ) activity of heamolymph increased significantly (P<0.05) in V. alginolyticus infected crabs in the initial 24h, but at 48h and 72h the activity reduced significantly (P<0.05) below the control level. The LSZ activities of muscle and hepatopancreas decreased significantly after infection (P<0.05). Both the ACP and ALP activities reduced significantly in the heamolymph, muscle and hepatopancreas tissue of infection group respectively (P<0.05). However, the control crabs did not experience any significant variation in LSZ, ACP and ALP activities in all the tissues. The results of this study indicated that immunity enzyme in P. trituberculatus infected by V. alginolyticu was induced more significantly, which accompanied by weakened immunity ability of the crabs. 

Abstract:A novel marine esterase-producing bacteria isolated from the Bohai Sea sediment was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. The MP-2 esterase was primarily purified and characterized. The optimal range of temperature of the esterase was 50～70 ℃, and the maximum activity was achieved at 60 ℃ and pH10.0. The esterase was alkaline and its optimum range of pH was narrow. The thermal stability of the esterase was good. Co2+，Li+ ions were found to activate the esterase, but Ca2+ had no significant effects on the activity of the esterase. While SDS，EDTA and Tween-20 had significantly suppressive effects on the esterase. It showed strong resistance to ordinary organic solvents. The enzyme exhibited different esterase activities towards substrates with different length of carbon chains.

Abstract:Four kinds of foreign and domestic micro-diets were tested for stability in water and their effects on some parameters of water quality under the same experimental conditions. It was found that, three micro-diets soaked in water settled slowly, while D4 settled more quickly. Most of the total weight loss of the four micro diets were lost during the first 5min after they were put into water. The contents of protein and fat in the four micro-diets varied significantly and fluctuated insignificantly between in 0min and in 30min after being soaked in water. After 30min, the soaking water from D1 contained the highest concentration of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and the lowest concentration of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) among four micro-diets. It was demonstrated that the four kinds of foreign and domestic micro-diets varied significantly in terms of stability in water, which had close relationship with their nutritional formula and processing techniques.

Abstract:Two comprehensive surveys were conducted in the frequent Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) areas of the East China Sea in spring and summer of 2005. Based on the analysis of the variation of nutrients in typical sections, the supply of nutrients was discussed. The results show that the constant nutrient supply is very important for the occurence of HABs in the surveyed areas. The surface water of these areas were mainly influenced by terrestrial source of nutrients，such as Changjiang diluted water (CDW); while the bottom water were mainly influenced by Taiwan warm current (TWC). Moreover, the influence of terrestrial source is stronger on the northern part than on the southern part, and the influence of the TWC is stronger on the southern part than on the northern part. The quantities of SiO3-Si and DIN supply were higher than PO4P in CDW，while TWC supplied more PO4P then the other nutrients. Moreover, the release of sediment is one of the important source of supply for SiO3-Si. 

Abstract:In order to breed an eugenic thin-thallus strain of Porphyra haitanensis, economic traits of hybrid and selective bred stains（Z-26, Z-61 and Z-81）were studied. It was found that: (1) The blade of Z-61 was thin and the thickness was 26-32μm. After twice cut harvest, the blade thickness (BT) showed no obvious increase and the mean thickness increase rate (TIR) was 0.32-0.35μm/d. BT of Z-81 was 36-40μm, which was 38%~50% thicker than Z-61. BT of Z-81 increased to 52μm after twice cut harvest and TIR was 0.6-0.7μm/d. BT of Z-26 was 30~42μm and TIR was 037~055μm after cut harvest. (2) After being cultured for 8 days in a medium of low N and P concentrations, the blades F-3 gametophyte of Z-61 turned yellow but were not dead; then after being cultured for 2 or 3 days in the regular medium, the color turned normal and growth recovered. F-3 gametophyte thallus of both Z-81 and Z-26 grew slower than Z-61 in a medium of low N and P concentrations, and after that spent 3 to 5 days to recover. (3) After one harvest, content of phycobiliprotein in Z-61 F-2 gametophyte was 30.21~34.40% higher than Z-26 or Z-81, and its chlorophyll-a content was 13.8~44.7% higher than Z-81. These findings provided a basis for selective breeding of a thin-thallus strain P. haitanensis, and for improving its quality and economic benefits.

Abstract:The compositions and contents of amino acids and fatty acids of Enteromorpha prolifera were determined by automatic amino acid analyzer and gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC+MS). Eighteen amino acids were found in the samples and total amino acids (TAA) was 8.78％. Human essential amino acids (TAA) covered 35.08％ of the total amino acid. Among the 19 kinds of fatty acids of C12～C24, the content of total unsaturated fatty acid was 65.78％, which were mainly high polyunsaturated fatty acid with a high percentage of C12 and C24. The content of ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid was 29.68％ of all fatty acids, and the content of characteristic fatty acid of chloraphyta—all cis 6,9,12 Octadecatrienoic was 18.70%.

Abstract:Three level dehydration drying technology of Enteromorpha prolifera was studied in order to process a large amount of fresh E. prolifera rapidly during its sudden occurrence and kelp processing wastes, so as to save energy and reduce pollution. The analysis and study on compositions of E. prolifera and its content of harmful heavy metal such as As, Pb, Gd and Hg showed that, E. prolifera was a new type of seafood with low chemical pollution, high fiber and protein contents. Then method for producing canned product of E. prolifera was studied，for which seasoning prescription and steridization technology were developed so as to utilize E. prolifera after scientifically and rationally.

Abstract:The method for the determination of three chloramphenicols including chloramphenicol (CAP)，thiamphenicol (TAP) and florfenicol (FF) in aquatic products was developed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Deuterium (d5-CAP) was used as internal standard instead of CAP, and was added to the sample before extraction with ethyl acetate. The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate to transfer CAP, TAP and FF into the organic phase. The extract liquid which consequently dried by blowing with nitrogen was dissolved with water and defatted with hexane. The mass spectrometer was operated in the negative ion mode using select reaction monitoring for qualitative and quantitative analysis of these compounds at the same time. The preliminary treatment was predigested，and no solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was adopted. The advantages of the method are simple operation，less organic chemicals consumed，and shorter operation time. The limit of detection (LOD) for CAP was 0.01 μg/kg and 0.03 μg/kg for TAP and FF.

Abstract:The horizontal, vertical and sectional distribution of chloropyll a was studied in detail based on the data obtained by field observations from June to July, 2006 in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. It was found that, the values of chloropyll a decreased from the shore to open sea in the horizontal distribution. Affected by Chang Jiang River and upwelling water, the high values were found at an area between 28°-32° N，122.5°-123° E. The condition of illumination and nutrients was the main factors of chlorophyll a distribution.

Abstract:In recent years, the outbreak of the aquatic animal diseases caused serious damage to aquaculture industry. The damage was particularly serious in cultivated fish and shellfish. Virus purification is very important as a necessary step for virus disease research. A lot of work on virus purification has been done by domestic and foreign scholars, and lots of accomplishments were achieved. This paper reviews the virus purification methods in fish and shellfish.